THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Short-hand  is  an  art  whose  usefulness  is  not  confined  to 
any  particular  science  or  profession,  but  is  universal. 

Dr.  Johnson 

Had  this  art  [Phonography]  been  known  forty  years  ago 
it  would  have  saved  me  twenty  years  of  hard  labor. 

The  Hon.  T.  H.  Denton. 


SHOET-HAKD 


LEGIBLE  A3  THE  PLAINEST  WRITING,  AND  REQUIRING- 
NO  TEACHER  BUT  THE  BOOK. 


A    SIMPLIFIED    SYSTEM    OF 


VERBATIM   REPORTING. 


BT  THK 

REV.    W.    E.    SCOVIL,    M.A. 

EDITED  BT 
W.    E.    SCOVIL,    JB.,    B.A. 


NEW    YORK: 

1871.  PRICE  $1.25. 


Katerei,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  j*ear  1871,  by 

HY.   B.   ROBIN'SOX, 
In  tbe  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C 


IS7I 


For  the  encouragement  of  learners,  some  Testimonials  are  here 
annexed,  which  the  author  has  received  from  gentlemen  of  known 
position  and  character,  who  speak  from  actual  experience,  and  express 
their  conviction  that  this  Short-hand  is  an  improvement  on  the  systems 
heretofore  offered  to  the  public. 

From  The  REV.  EDWARD  B.  NICHOLS,  D.D.,  Rector  of 

Liverpool,  Nova  Scotia. 

The  facility  with  which  your  Stenography  is  acquired, 
the  rapidity  with  which  it  is  written,  and  the  unhesitancy 
with  which  it  is  read,  I  believe  to  be  unsurpassed.  I  have 
used  no  other  hand  for  all  the  manuscript  sermons  that  I 
have  delivered  during  the  last  15  years.  Indeed,  before  I 
was  in  holy  orders,  I  found  the  benefit  of  it,  both  wher 
I  was  a  student  at  law,  and  at  The  General  Theological 
Seminary  in  New  York. 

From  The  REV.  CHARLES  LEE,  Ph.D.,  Hector  of  Fred- 

crifton,  New  Brunsirick. 

I  have  used  your  system  of  Short-hand  for  years,  and 
do  not  think  I  can  express  too  highly  the  value  I  have  de- 
rived from  it  in  correspondence  and  in  my  professional 


IT  TESTIMONIALS. 

duties.  By  its  aid  a  sermon  may  be  written  in  one  liour 
instead  of  six,  and,  when  written,  is  more  legible  than  the 
ordinary  hand.*  Besides,  the  ability  it  affords  of  writing 
one's  thoughts  with  readiness  and  with  comparatively  little 
fatigue  of  hand,  leads  to  the  acquisition  of  a  free  and  more 
forcible  style.  The  art  is  easily  learnt,  may  be  acquired  in 
youth  as  a  pastime  in  connection  with  more  formal  studies, 
and  not  much  additional  practice  is  necessary  to  render  the 
Short-hand  Writer  an  efficient  reporter. 

From  The  REV.  D.  W.  PICKETT,  M.A.  (formerly)  Head 
Master  of  the  Collegiate  Sc<wol,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia. 
Of  the  superior  advantages  of  your  Stenography  I  can 
speak  from  long  experience.  The  comparison  which  I  have 
been  enabled  to  make  between  it  and  other  systems  now  in 
use  to  some  extent,  and  the  readiness  with  which  it  has 
been  acquired  by  many  of  my  acquaintance,  lead  me  to  the 
belief  that  it  offers  greater  facilities  for  students  in  attend- 
ance upon  university  lectures,  to  the  reporters  for  the 
press,  and  to  the  public  generally,  than  any  other  system 
that  has  hitherto  been  published. 

From  ALFRED  IT.  DEMILL,  ESQ.,  D.C.L.,  Barrister. 

I  bought  a  copy  of  your  work,  published  in  1866,  and, 
struck  with  the  truth  of  your  objections  to  the  Phonetic 
system  (which  I  had  been  practising  for  several  years  as 
given  by  Graham  in  the  Reporter's  Manual)  I  abandoned 
it,  and  began  the  study  of  yours.  The  result,  I  am  happy 
to  say,  has  fully  realized  my  expectations  ;  for,  after  learn- 
ing it  with  comparatively  little  labor,  I  find  it  most  useful 
in  my  profession. 

I  regret  the  time  wasted  with  Pitman's  Phonography  ; 
but  my  own  experience  has  convinced  me  that  your  system, 
besides  other  advantages,  requires  not  one-third  as  m;ich 
practice  to  master  it,  and  that  no  one  desirous  of  a  readable 


TESTIMONIALS.  T 

Short-hand   will   be  disappointed  after    giving  it  a   fair 
trial. 

From  REV.  GEORGE  WALKER,  A.B.,  N.  Y.,  formerly  Mas- 
ter of  the  Grammar  Softool  in  Kings  Co.,  JV.  B. 

It  is,  I  think,  a  happy  feature  in  your  Short-hand  that 
it  joins  the  vowels  and  consonants  in  succession  as  we  read 
them,  and  does  not  depart  from  the  usual  method  of  spelling-, 
except  when  superfluous  letters  are  omitted  for  the  sake  of 
brevity.  It  thus  avoids  the  intricate  and  comparatively  slow 
expedient  adopted  by  Taylor,  Mavor,  Pitman,  and  others, 
which  requires  the  writer  to  join  together  all  the  consonants 
in  the  first  place,  and  afterwards  take  his  pen  off  repeatedly 
to  insert  separate  dots,  or  other  little  marks,  here  and  there, 
for  the  purpose  of  representing  as  many  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs as  happen  to  be  sounded  in  the  word. 

From  MR.  T.  P.  DIXON,  Reporter,  Hampton,  N.  B. 

After  spending  some  time  in  examining  the  systems  of 
Phonography  published  by  Pitman,  Bell,  Thompson,  and 
others,  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  your  Phonography,  or 
abbreviated  Short-hand,  while  it  equals,  if  it  does  not  ex 
ceed,  the  swiftest  of  them,  in  the  ease  a.nd  despatch  with 
which  it  is  written,  affords  more  assistance  in  deciphering 
the  notes,  which  we  have  to  commit  to  paper  in  the  briefest 
manner  in  taking  down  a  discourse  from  the  lips  of  a  fluent 
speaker.  So  far  as  I  am  capable  of  forming  a  correct  opi- 
nion on  this  subject,  I  have  as  yet  met  with  no  system,  vying 
with  yours  in  conciseness,  that  taxes  the  memory  of  the 
learner  so  little,  or  is  likely  to  enable  him  more  speedily  to 
acquire  the  art  of  verbatim  Reporting. 

From  The  REV.  D.  I.  WETMORE,  B.A.,  Clifton,  N.  B. 

My  estimate  of  your  Short-hand  is  evidenced  by. the 
fact  that,  when  I  was  a  schoolmaster,  I  recommended  it  to 


vi  TESTIMONIALS. 

my  pupils  as  the  best.  Judging  from  my  own  experience, 
I  believe  that,  a  practical  proficiency  can  be  gained  in  it,  at 
less  cost  of  time  and  study  than  in  any  other  system  that 
has  come  under  my  notice,  and  that  it  is  well  deserving  of 
a  place  in  our  schools. 

From  JAMES  II.  THORNE,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  Deputy  Provincial 

Secretary,  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 

A  practical  knowledge  of  your  system  of  Short-hand 
writing  has  given  me  so  high  an  opinion  of  its  value,  that 
1  believe  it  to  be  the  very  best  we  have  ;  and,  as  "the  pen 
of  a  ready  writer"  is  essential  in  many  professions,  and  ot 
great  advantage  to  a  person  in  any  line  of  life,  I  think  that 
your  little  book,  in  its  improved  state,  ought  to  obtain  a 
wide  circulation,  and  be  generally  acceptable  to  the  public. 
From  THOMAS  S.  WETMORE,  ESQ.,  A.B.  (J/.  D.  of  the 
University  of  Glasgow,  and  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh},  St.  John,  _ZVr.  B. 
Whatever  may  be  the  comparative  merits  of  other  sys- 
tems, your  Short-hand,  on  account  of  the  ease  with  which  it 
is  read  and  written,  has  deservedly  gained  the  good  opinion 
of  those  who  have  tried  it,  and  will,  I  am  persuaded,  find 
favor  with  others  in  proportion  as  they  become  acquainted 
with  it.  For  as  sailing-packets,  common  roads,  and  mail- 
coaches,  though  still  in  use,  do  not  meet  our  requirements 
in  this  age  of  ocean-steamers,  railways,  and  electric  tele- 
graphs ;  so  our  common  long-hand,  though  it  cannot  be  al- 
together dispensed  with,  will,  I  am  confident,  in  time  ba 
regarded  as  too  slow  and  tedious  a  method  of  writing  for 
those  who  can  despatch  their  business  with  much  greater 
ease  and  rapidity  by  employing  a  good  readable  Short- 
hand. 

From  S.  J.  SCOVTL,  ESQ.,  A.B.,  Barrister,  St.  John,  N.  B. 
Your  Short-hand  has,  for  many  years,  done  me  good 


TESTIMONIALS.  vii 

service  in  the  almost  interminable  writing  of  .a  lawyer's 
office.  If  this,  or  any  good  system,  were  generally  adopted 
by  professional  gentlemen,  it  would  very  materially  lighten 
their  labors,  and  save  valuable  time  to  the  public,  shorten- 
ing the  sittings  of  our  courts,  and  expediting  business  which 
is  now  retarded  by  the  slow  process  of  ordinary  writing. 

From  J.   BENNETT,  ESQ.,  Ph.D.,  Chief  Superintendent  oj 

Education  for  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick. 
The  system  of  Short-hand  invented  by  Mr.  Scovil  is,  I 
believe,  the  best  extant.  The  reporters  educated  in  the  sys- 
tem are  much  more  expert  than  those  trained  in  any  other 
that  has  come  under  my  notice.  Having  mastered  it  in  less 
than  a  year,  they  are  living  proofs  of  the  ease  with  which  it 
may  be  acquired. 

The  HON.  T.  R.  JONES,  M.L.C.,  President  of  t7te  Executive 

Council,  2f.  B. 

.  One  of  the  best  reporters  connected  without  Provincial 
Legislature  is  a  young  man,  who,  after  studying  this  sys- 
tem for  twelve  months,  so  far  mastered  it  as  to  be  able  to 
take  down  the  debates  verbatim . 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


WKITING  is  a  truly  wonderful  invention.  It  records  lan- 
guage by  substituting  marks  or  letters  for  sounds  :  and,  by 
this  means,  words  are  silently  conveyed  to  the  mind 
through  the  eye,  as  distinctly  as  by  the  voice  through  the 
ear.  It  is  the  key  of  learning  ;  and  so  useful  for  acquiring, 
preserving,  and  communicating  knowledge,  that  it  is  almost 
as  valuable  to  mankind  as  the  gift  of  speech. 

Common  writing,  however,  requires  so  much  mechanical 
labor  to  form  the  letters,  that  it  is  confessedly  inadequate 
to  record  language  with  anything  like  the  ease  and  rapidity 
with  which  it  is  spoken  ;  and,  therefore,  persevering  efforts 
have  been  made  to  effect  this  desirable  improvement. 
Hence  the  multitudinous  systems  of  Short-hand. 

Among  the  earliest  were  the  Greek  signs,  and  these  prob- 
ably suggested  to  Cicero  the  Roman  notes ;  which,  we  learn 
from  Plutarch,  consisted  of  little  marks  so  brief  and  ex- 
pressive that  certain  writers,  instructed  by  that  great  ora- 
tor, were  able  with  them  to  take  down  a  speech  as  delivered 
in  the  senate.  Cicero's  freedman,  Tyro,  becoming  famed 
for  his  skill  in  using  them,  they  were  known  by  the  name 
of  "  Tyro's  Notes,"  and  having  been  taken  up  and  improved 
by  Seneca,  were,  with  his  alterations,  introduced  into  the 
public  schools  as  a  useful  branch  of  a  liberal  education. 
If  we  can  rely  upon  what  a  poet,  who  lived  in  those  times, 
has  told  us,  this  kind  of  writing  was  so  swift  that  a  Notary, 
1800  years  ago,  could  take  down  words  as  quickly  as  the 


PREFACE.  is 

most  dexterous  reporter  of  our  day.  I  allude  to  one  of 
Martial's  epigrams,  which  I  give  with  a  free  transla- 
tion: 

Notarius. 

Currant  verba  licet,  manns  est  velocior  Ulis; 
Nondum  lingua  svum,  dextra  peregit  opus. 

Mart.  lib.  v.  ep.  83. 

Though  fast  a  speaker's  words  may  flow, 
The  tongue  is  for  the  hand  too  slow. 

The  Roman  method  is  lost.  Of  English  systems, "  Pit 
man's  Phonography,"  notwithstanding  several  later  short- 
hands, is  now  the  most  popular,  and,  its  enthusiastic  admir- 
ers would  have  us  believe,  so  perfect  that  there  exists  no 
necessity  for  change  hereafter.  And  yet  it  seems  to  be 
fairly  open  to  some  weighty  objections,  of  which  I  will 
mention  four : 

I. 

The  vowels  are  dots  and  minute  marks  which  cannot  be 
joined  to  the  other  letters,  but  require  the  pen  to  be  raised 
from  the  paper  every  time  that  one  of  them  is  made,  and 
therefore  impede  the  writing  much  more  than  good  plain 
characters  in  a  running  hand.  In  consequence  of  this  radi- 
cal defect,  it  becomes  necessary  in  most  words  to  write  the 
consonants  first,  and  then  go  back  to  supply  whatever  vow- 
els they  require,  carefully  putting  each  by  itself  near  the 
consonant  to  which  it  ought  to  have  been  joined.  Such  a 
separation  of  vowels  and  consonants  would  make  even  our 
long  hand  longer ;  and  he  must  be  endowed  with  more 
than  ordinary  patience  and  perseverance,  who  learns  to 
write,  without  hesitation,  the  detached  vowels,  which  in 
Pitman's  Corresponding  Style  look  like  specks  sprinkled 
over  the  page  from  a  pepper-box. 

II. 

The  characters  are  not  sufficiently  distinct.  Every  one, 
in  all  but  thickness  is  precisely  like  another  which  re- 


x  PREFACE. 

presents  a  different  letter  or  sound  ;  and  the  same  mark,  ag 
that  for  ks,  varying  only  a  little  in  length  or  thickness, 
stands  on,  above,  and  below  the  line  for  more  than  fifty 
words,  out  of  which  we  must  pick  the  one  the  sense  re- 
quires! This  dividing  of  the  alphabet  into  pairs,  in  which 
one  character  so  closely  resembles  the  other,  must  lead  to 
hesitation  in  reading,  or  to  loss  of  time  in  writing  while 
we  give  to  every  stroke  its  proper  thickness. 

III. 

The  reporting  style  has  numberless  words  which  have 
nothing  to  show  the  reader  whether  they  begin  or  end  with 
or  without  a  vowel ;  and  it  is  a  great  task  to  learn  the  long 
list  of  words  represented  by  only  one  or  two  of  their  middle 
or  final  letters,  as p for  wcep,liappy,  Jwpe  ;  j  for  advantage ; 
jy,  religious  ;  tr,  internal,  etc.  B  and  p,  d  and  t,  and  other 
letters  are  often  written  exactly  alike,  as  mpg  or  mbg  foi 
humbug. 

These  are  some  of  the  causes  why,  of  the  many  who  have 
tried,  so  few  have  been  able  to  gain  a  really  practical  know- 
ledge of  his  style  of  reporting.  For  it  is  as  much  harder  to 
recognize  an  abbreviation  without  seeing  the  first,  or  first 
and  last  syllable  of  the  word,  as  it  is  to  recognize  a  man 
without  seeing  his  face,  or  to  move  a  load  without  help  at 
the  starting-point. 

IV. 

But  that  which  I  consider  the  most  objectionable  feature, 
though  it  has  many  zealous  advocates,  is  this — it  compels 
us  to  use  the  phonetic,  that  is,  this  corrupt  way  of  spelling  : 
"  If  eni  wun  in  siti  or  kuntri  wonts  sum  nolij  ov  Mz  wurk, 
find  it*  kwolitiz,  let  Mm  inspekt  Jiwot  haz  bin  dun  in  komon 
wurdz,  or  giv  muni  and  get  an  egzact  kopi  ov  liiz  aistem!  " 

Phoneticians  persuade  themselves,  or  affect  to  believe, 


PREFACE.  xi 

that  such  spelling  will  eventually  supersede  our  barbarou* 
orthography.  Meanwhile  I  leave  it  to  the  judgment  of  all 
who  are  not  yet  wedded  to  any  system,  whether  it  is  safe  to 
employ  habitually,  for  daily  convenience,  a  short-hand 
which  deviates  so  far  from  the  standards  of  our  literature, 
and  which  not  a  few  have  abandoned  because  they  found 
that  the  habit  of  spelling  phonetically  and  disregarding 
prevailing  usage  led  to  vexatious  mistakes  and  delay  in 
common  writing. 

Let  it  not  be  thought  that  I  enviously  detract  from  Pit- 
man's merits.  It  was  in  allusion  to  his  system  that  Sena- 
tor Benton  made  the  remark  appended  to  the  frontispiece 
of  this  little  book  ;  and  though  I  have  never  met  with  any 
one  sufficiently  master  ef  it  to  take  down  a  lengthened  dis- 
course, word  for  word,  from  the  lips  of  a  fluent  speaker, 
still,  as  some  by  long  practice  learn  to  dispense  with  his 
disconnected  vowels,  and  to  decipher  their  notes  without 
them,  I  do  not  doubt  that  such  adepts  use  it  successfully 
for  verbatim  reporting. 

Feeling  the  want  of  a  plainer  short-hand,  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  a  profession  in  which  a  speaker  must  de- 
cide at  a  glance  what  he  is  to  pronounce,  and  has  little  time 
to  settle  uncertainties  by  comparing  the  context,  I  com- 
posed for  my  own  use  the  system  which  is  explained  and 
offered  to  the  public  in  the  following  pages. 

As  our  common  alphabet,  though  not  so  perfect  as  it 
might  be,  is  already  known  by  all  who  read  and  write  Eng- 
lish, I  prefer  retaining  it,  changing  only  the  forms  of  the 
letters  to  the  simplest  characters  that  can  be  joined  toge- 
ther without  confusion,  and  adding  some  characters  to  re- 
present those  syllables  and  combinations  of  letters  which 
occur  most  frequently  in  our  language.  These  additions 
will  amply  repay  the  little  time  required  to  learn  them  ; 
for  they  render  the  writing  shorter,  neater,  and  more  lineal, 


xii  PREFACE. 

and,  by  doing  away  with  the  necessity  for  having  every 
letter  represent  a  multitude  of  words,  relieve  the  memory, 
and  tend  to  obviate  the  third  objection  I  have  made  to 
Pitman's  Phonography. 

"  It  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  those  who  have  grown 
wise  by  the  labor  of  others,  to  add  a  little  of  their  own  and 
format  their  masters."  I  confess  that,  aiming  at  utility  and 
not  originality,  I  have  freely  appropriated  everything  that 
answered  my  purpose,  and  am  indebted  to  Macaulay  in  par- 
ticular for  many  of  the  characters. 

Among  the  testimonials  I  have  published  is  one  from 
Mr.  Dixon,  a  young  man  who  has  turned  his  knowledge  of 
my  short-hand  to  good  account,  for  he  writes  it  profession- 
ally, and  has  been  employed  for  several  years  by  our  legis- 
latures, as  an  official  reporter,  at  some  $200  a  month. 

And  now,  kind  reader,  permit  me  to  close  with  a  trite 
but  appropriate  valediction  from  Horace  : — 

Vale .'  Si  quid  novisti  rectius  istls, 
Candidas  im]>erti,  si  non  /«•>•  utere  nwcum. 
"  Farewell !    And  If  a  better  system1*  thine, 
Impart  it  frankly,  or  make  use  of  mine." 


SHOKT-KAi\D. 


Tim  Short-hand  is  divided  into  two  parts, — Stenograph? 
Phonography. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Stenography  i?  tliC  art  of  writing  irlth  short  characters,  and. 
in  this  system  follows  for  the  most  part  the  usual  method  of 
spelling  ;  while  Phonography,  though  written  with  the  same 
duu'a<:;ei's,  expresses  with  the  utmost  brevity  the  sound  of 
words,  dropping  every  letter  that  can  be  omitted  consistently 
with  a  due  regard  to  their  legibility. 

A  Chaiacter  (Ch.)  is  a  Short-hand  mark  or  letter. 

A  r'ni'i  letter  is  a  Ch.  with  a  ring  at  one  end  :  as  o-'  »h. 

A  Aw/'  is  a  Ch.  with  a  hook  at  ore  end  :  as  —3 

A  crook  has  the  end  bent,  but  not  hooked  :  as  — ,  ch. 

Chs.  aie  said  to  l>l,m{.  when  they  run  into  one  another  «o 
that  the  iact  part  of  the  first  Ch.  forms  the  first  part  of  \\.t- 
nexu  01  the  saine  stroke  belongs  to  both  :  as  C  c*. 

A  Ch.  is  said  to  !KJ  /V/o/W,  when  the  ring  is  made  so  flat  tha. 
the  opening  is  oblong  instead  of  round  :  as  i  Id. 

A  Ch.  is  said  to  be  modij^d.  when  made  thick,  or  only  s< 
altered  that  the  original  is  easily  known. 

The  y-line  (so  called  from  a  rinai  u  being  implied,  withoir 
writing  it,  when  a  Ch.  or  word  stands  upon  it.)  is  a  line  never 
ruled,  but  supposed  to  touch  the  top  of  l>,  c,  d,  and  other  long 
Chs.  standing  on  the  main  line 


2  KEY 

TO     EXPLANATORY   MARKS,   FIGURES,  AND   LETTERS. 

Ch.  stands  for  Character.  In  the  Alphabet  a  dot  is  put  at 
the  foot  of  .F,  .G,  and  every  other  letter  whose  Ch.  is  drawn 
up.  If  there  is  a  dot  on  both  sides  of  the  letters,  as  with  .£• 
.Sttb-  and  .Suj>ef  the  Chs.  are  drawn  both  ways. 

(  )  Enclose  a  word  when  its  Ch.  cannot  stand  for  the  same 
letters  in  a  longer  word. 

[  ]  Enclose  letters  or  words  for  which  the  Ch.  is  used  only 
in  Reporting. 

If  there  is  not  a  figure  or  t  after  the  letters,  the  first  long 
Ch.  in  the  word  rests  its  foot  on  the  main  line.  If  there  is  a 
figure  or  t  put  after  the  word  or  letters,  the  first  long  Ch.  in 
the  word,  when  followed  by — 

1,  stands  on  the  y-line : 

2,  ...      on  the  main  line : 

3,  ...      under  the  main  line : 
tl,  crosses  or  hangs  on  the  y-line: 

t,        ...      or  hangs  on  the  main  line. 

See  page  19. 


When  there  are  capitals  after  a  word  or  termination,  they 
show  what  is  done  with  the  Ch. 
A  stands  for  afier.                       M  stands  for  middle. 

B        ...        beginning.             O  ...  over. 

C        ...        centre.                    P  ...  preceding  Ch. 

Ch's.    ...        characters.             Ph.  ...  phonography. 

D        ...        drop,  or  omit.       R  ...  right  side. 

E        ...        end,  or  last  Ch.      S  ...  short,  or   a   half- 

F        ...        following  Ch.  length  Ch. 

G        ...        greater,  or  clou-    St.  ...  stenography. 

ble-length  Ch.        T  ...  termination  or  fi- 

J        ...        joined  to.  nal  Ch. 

L       ...     •  left,  or  the  upper  U  ...  under. 

side.                       "VV  ...  wide,  or  thick. 


KEY.  S 

In  learning  the  system,  you  will  often  be  spared  the  trou- 
ble of  searching  the  rules,  if  you  will  make  yourself  acquaint- 
ed with  the  meaning  of  Uie  foregoing  capitals,  figures,  and 
marks,  which,  in  the  Alphabet  and  Tables,  show  at  sight  the 
place,  size,  and  direction  of  the  Ch.  standing  for  the  letter  or 
word  to  which  the  capitals,  etc.  are  added.  The  following 
examples  explain  the  directions  thus  briefly  given  : — 

At  p.  10,  'T'  stands  for  'time,  to  S,  take  t.'  As  time,  and 
to  have  no  t  or  figure  after  them,  they  must  stand  on  the  line ; 
but,  as  S  shows,  to  is  short,  or  half  the  length  of  take  which, 
as  the  f  shows,  is  written  across  the  line. 

P.  11,  in  line  with  the  fourth  Ch.,  are  Mnterf,  intrt  [utr], 
G.  B.'  The  dot  at  the  foot  of  the  first  letter  shows  that  the 
Ch.  is  drawn  upwards  ;  the  t,  that  it  crosses  the  main  line  for 
inter  and  intr  ;  the  [  ]  brackets,  that  it  is  used  only  in  Phonog- 
raphy for  ntr,  and,  as  ntr  has  no  t  after  it,  we  must  put  it  on 
ihe  line.  G  shows  that  it  is  a  greater  or  double-length  Ch.  ; 
and  the  B,  that  it  is  used  only  hi  the  beginning,  and  must  be 
the  first  Ch.  of  the  word. 

At  p.  12,  line  22,  are  'ing  A  ;  ng  JP  ;  ning  OP ;  [ding  W,] 
S.M,E.'  Here  A  shows  that  the  Ch.  for  ing  stands  after  the 
one  before  it,  (that  is,  close  to  the  end,  on  the  right  side  of 
it.)  as,  ~\  being,  _,  Itacl.ig  ;  JP,  that  for  ng  it  is  joined  to 
the  preceding  Ch.  ;  [W],  that  in  Ph.  it  siands  for  ding  by 
making  it  wide  or  thick.  The  S.M,E  show  that  the  Ch.  is 
i>/iort,  and  is  used  only  for  ing,  etc.,  in  the  middle  and  end  of 
words ;  for  whenever  it  begins  a  word  it  is  in  or  en. 

'S.TW  or  S.EW — mean  the  Ch.  is  short,  the  termination 
(or  last  stroke)  wide ;  or  the  Ch.  is  short,  and  the  end  wide. 

'S.UEP' — short  and  under  the  end  of  the  preceding  Ch. 

'  S.CPL  or  R' — Ch.  short  and  joined  to  the  centre  of  the  pre- 
ceding, on  the  left  or  right  side.  '  LEP ' — show  that  the  Ch. 
is  on  the  left  side  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  character. 

'  P3 ' — S-.iow  that  the  preceding  Chs.  are  put  under  the  Kne,  as- 
at  32,  p.  13,  to  imply  that  ngr  or  ngry  is  dropped  or  omitted. 


PRELIMINARY  DIRECTIONS. 


IT  is  quite  unnecessary  to  learn  any  of  the  Rules  or  Tables 
by  rote.  The  best  and  most  agreeable  way  to  become  pro- 
ficient in  this  method  of  writing  is  to  get  some  knowledge 
of  the  arrangement  and  contents  of  the  work  by  looking 
over  the  pages,  and  then  begin  with  copying  out  the  Exer- 
cises in  the  latter  part  of  the  book,  carefully  comparing 
them  with  the  Alphabet  and  Tables  as  you  proceed,  and  re- 
ferring to  the  Rules  for  direction  only  when  you  find  some- 
thing which  you  cannot  readily  understand.  It  may  seem 
superflousthat  things  are  explained  which  you  can  compre- 
hend at  once  by  inspection.  It  is  better,  however,  to  have 
all  parts  of  the  system  so  fully  elucidated  that  no  one  who 
tries  to  learn  it  without  a  master  can  feel  the  want  of  more 
guidance  and  aid  than  the  book  affords. 

Boys  are  very  apt  to  waste  time  in  writing  without  a 
copy,  and  trying  to  decipher  their  rude  essays  before  they 
know  how  to  join  the  letters  properly.  Give  yourself  no 
trouble  of  this  kind,  but  have  patience  to  copy  the  Exer- 
cises until  you  can  write  them  correctly  and  freely,  without 
any  paus?  in  going  from  one  letter  to  another  ;  and  in 
doing  this  you  will  learn  to  read  without  hesitation. 

You  should  not  try  to  write  fast  until  you  can  shape  the 
Ohs.  correctly.  Ease  and  speed  will  naturally  come  from 
practice  ;  but  a  neat  and  legible  hand,  satisfactory  to  the 
writer  and  reader,  depends  upon  acquiring  the  JtalAt  of  ob- 
serving the  relative  size  and  right  direction  of  every  char- 
ter. Experience  soon  teaches  where  liberties  may  be  taken 
to  relieve  the  stiffness  that  would  sometimes  result  from  too 
close  an  adherence  to  the  alphabetic  forms.  But  no  unne- 
cessary stroke  should  be  made  ;  for  it  is  only  a  waste  ot 
time,  and  tends  to  confuse  the  reader,  to  add  to  the  simple 


PRELIMINARY    DIRECTIONS.  5 

short-hand  Chs.  any  of  the  unmeaning  flourishes  or  super- 
fluous marks  which  excursive  penmen  are  fond  of  annexing 
to  the  plain  letters,  more  particularly  to  the  capitals,  in 
common  long-hand. 

The  pen  may  be  held  as  in  the  hand  depicted  at  page  iii. ; 
but  some  skilful  reporters  affirm,  and  I  quite  agree  with 
them,  that  the  Chs.  can  be  made  in  various  directions  with 
much  greater  freedom  when  the  pen  passes  up  between  the 
middle  and  the  fore  finger,  and  is  supported  there  by  the 
thumb,  the  hand  being  turned  so  that  the  top  of  the  pen 
will  lean  towards  the  right  side  of  the  paper. 

The  size  of  the  letters  is,  as  in  other  writing,  a  matter  of 
taste  ;  provided  they  are  all  made  smaller  or  larger,  and 
preserve  their  due  proportion  to  one  another.  A  good 
length  for  t  is  about  the  eighth  of  an  inch  ;  then  the  lonys. 
when  put  on  the  same  line,  will  be  as  high  ;  the  double- 
lengths  twice  as  high,  and  the  shorts  not  mure  than  half  as 
high  as  that  Ch. 

Tables,  showing  the  combination  of  every  two  Chs., 
would  have  served  instead  of  all  the  rules  for  joining  them, 
and  made  the  system  appear  more  simple.  But  such  tables 
are  expensive,  and  it  is  better  for  a  practitioner  to  learn  by 
copying  the  Exercises. 

In  the  second  part,  numerous  rules  and  devices  will  be 
given  for  abbreviating,  not  because  such  contractions  are 
more  necessary  in  this  system  than  any  other  ;  but  in  order 
to  furnish  the  learner  who  may  be  disposed  to  try  them 
with  those  which  have  been  found  to  secure  the  greatest 
expedition  of  which  the  art  in  its  present  state  is  capable. 

Rules  alone,  however,  will  nevnr  make  a  writer.  By 
comparatively  little  practice  you  may  acquire  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Stenography,  which  indeed  is  the  part,  mo?; 
useful  ;  but  neither  this,  nor  the  best  system  that  human 
ingenuity  can  devise  will  make  a  first-rate  reporter,  until, 
by  exercising  the  hand  in  writing,  it  gains  that  mechanical 


8 


PRELIMINARY    DIRECTIONS. 


skill  which  nothing  else  can  give,  and  which  is  iadispens- 
able  for  taking  down  the  words  of  a  ready  speaker  with  ver- 
batim accuracy. 

The  Stenography  should  be  used  when  a  very  plain  hand 
is  required  ;  for,  though  slow  as  compared  with  the  Phono- 
graphy or  Reporting  style,  it  is  a  ve'ry  rapid  hand,  and  can 
be  read  with  all  the  ease  and  certainty  of  common  print. 
When  the  lines  are  placed  a  good  distance  apart,  and  the 
words  have  wide  spaces  between  them,  a  page  will  still 
contain  more  than  if  it  were  written  in  long  hand,  and  can 
be  held  at  a  much  greater  distance  from  the  eye  in  reading 
it ;  which  makes  the  Stenography  particularly  convenient 
for  the  Pulpit  and  the  Bar. 


SHORT-HAND,  PART  I. 


STENOGRAPHY. 


THE  ALPHABET  on  tlie  next  page  is  explained  by  the  Key, 
p.  '2,  and  Notes,  p.  14,  and  can  be  easily  learnt  by  writing 
some  familiar  verses,  first  with,  single  Chs.,  and  then  with 
double  and  single,  without  joining  the  Chs.  to  one  another. 

NOTE.— A  good  Short-hand  must  be  easy,  swift,  and  legible.  If  you 
wish  to  compare  this  with  other  systems,  some  oi  the  best  are  Taylor's 
by  Ilartlinsr  or  Odell,  Mason's  by  Gurney  or  Cooper;  and  the  phonetic 
systems  Of  Gabe'sherger  and  Pitman,  with  variations  by  Graham, 
Linualcy.  and  Muusou. 

'  'omplete  Phonoyrajihtr.  a  neat  volume  published  by  Munson  in 
.•ries  with  it  evidence  of  the  pains  he  ha--  uiKt-n  to  make  Pit- 
m:i!i'f  Pnonosrapliy  a  better  reporting  liand.    The  writing  is  more  diffi- 
cult to  iltripiier  than  Pitman's  Corresponding  Stjle,  which,  he  says,  he 
rdt  tn-c-iiiM-  its  tendency  is  to  foster  a  disconnected  and 
.  wholly  incompatible  with  reporting  habits,  and  it  often 
:  practice  to  luMy  acquire  the  Reporting  Style  when  the 
writer  i;as  once  indulged  himself  for  any  considerable  time  in  the  use 
of  the  Corresponding.    Munson's  writing  wants  tiaat  easy  legibility 
which  is  required  for  the  pulpit  and  common  purposes,  and  is  eucum- 
bered  '.vi'h  Pitman's  disjointed  marks  for  vowels,  as  numberless  words, 
.'•'•y  proper  names,  would  be  altogether  illegible  without  them. 


8  ALPHABET. 

Sintjle   Characters  . 

Abe  d  e  .f   g  li  i    j  k    1    m  .n 

_  ^    C  \  .,o  /*  J  ._  -o  _*  —  J    ^      ° 

o    p  qu  .r  .s-  t    u  v  w    x    y    /,    u     •// 

vj?    ^    v--  f  /  \      ^>  V  L      <>  J>  '}      . 

Double   Characters. 
Amp  emp  imp  ump  simp  sump  comp   temp 

1       r     i       i       r       r       r       t 

Amb  emb  imb  umb  comb  Bel  .bl.   Ch  ch  cl 

X      \      "\       -\      \         3       _     v     _^  <„ 
com  con  counter  Diswdes  del    .Englf  .ulo 


.Fer  .fl  .fn  fr  .Gn  .gr  He  In  .intert  [ntr]  Kn 

O  ^  0  *?  "\  /^~  Q 

/ff?Jf<^j? 

Ml    Ob  on  op  .Pl'or  .pi'  Recon  rest  .rv  Sh 

\  3  >         ^  V  >  -~  /* 

spec     .struct    .sub'f  or  sub  Th   \\  AA'li    wl 
J          /  /'      /        L      V,    /'     / 

•super,  t  Ced  sed  ted     ct 


STENOGRAPHY.  9 

. 

The  name  of  every  letter  is  written  as  0:1 
the  opposite  page  ;  but  in  joining  the  cha- 
racters, we  draw  .v.  sal.  and  super,  up  or 
down  ;  and  turn  £,  i.  0,  u,  j  either  way.  to 
make  words  neat,  compact,  and  lineal. 

The  dot  at  the  foot  of  the  letters  fyngr 
shows  that  they  are  up-strokes :  all  with  no 
dot  (if  not  horizontal)  are  duirn-strokes. 

Sonic  C'hs.  are  initials.  (viz,,  the  crook  // ; 
the  ringed  ch.des  dis.  and  he;  einp.  imp,  etnh. 
iiinjl  e/iijL  I//.  Inter  enter,  kn.  oh.  on.  op.  rest) 
and  have  B  after  them  in  the  tables,  to 
show  that  they  -only  begin  words.  Medial 
and  final  h  (if  not  part  of  a  double  Ch.)  w 
straight,  with  a  dot  under  the  middle. 

The  first  pi  can  be  "used  alone,  the  other 
cannot ;  for,  if  written  alone,  it  would  look 
like  on  :  they  are  short  curves  sloping  like  d. 

To  make  two  letters  of  the  same  name, 
double  the  length  of  0,  d,  t,  and  the  curves. 
If  the  Ch.  ends  with  a  ring,  the  size  of  the 
rinti  only  is  doubled.  Write  long  s  for  s.f. 
N  joined  to  s  so  as  to  make  an  angle  at  the 
top  or  bottom,  is  ses,  as  in  page  11.  Ful  is 
a  dot  on  the  left  at  the  top  off  :  for  fit  If  we 
enlarge  the  ring  and  put  the  dot  in  it. 


*\t  u 

JQ                                                         t/j\A.YVAOU  \  \t 

•,in.,,,,r>,,.    Words  they  stand  for.            Doublejind^WcClw.           j 

A,  ay 

c.)  another  1 

,   I 
Air.p                                             'n'P     , 

B,  be 

-x  I 

icen,  begin  t 

.Angl  t 

/  D 

nglef                 B.Q 

c,  ce 

c 

ert;iin  1,  come 

1:1 

3 

..lii-S     1   Bt 

D,  de 

s 

had,)  done  t 

(  cr.t 

[cut],  S 

( 

^ 

he,  ever) 

Ch 

C    c 

hi!d                         B  | 

E               ) 

^ 

>naeavor 

ch                 —  i    church  t             M,  E 

.E 

/c 

for,  fer,  iir,  fur 

Cl 

;ould 

•G,  ge 

J 

:;od,  give                                    j    <^ 
Com 

\   comb    [cmbj 

H,  ha       | 

«_ 

lim.lullfl            1; 

Comp            \      company  1,     [cmp] 

•  i.     \ 

[,  Individual  1 

Con 

o_ 

oncern              [en] 

I.J.igh 

counter 

ountry  1,        [cntr 

kind 

K       1 

v^ 

ke,  kce 

<-k,  efk 

ct 

s 

-ect,  -ctd  ,  S. 

L 

? 

ord 

s 

dct,-dctd  ,   S\V 

M 

them,  mercy  1 

Dd 

\ 

led,  did                   i  '. 

.X 

/ 

[not) 

Dta 

/O 

les,                  [ds],  15 

'<)    iow 

^b 

(own.)  opinion 

ND 

del,  deliver  t 

'  jough 

Vj? 

o,  oh!  other  1 

ds 

V 

": 

prophet 

Emp 

P 

mph  £ 

V 

que,  quest 

En 

j 

S.B 

Jt 

r 

(our,)  regard  1 

.Engl  f 

, 

B.G 

/ 

(is,  Ids,  ust) 

!  .Enter  t 

: 

inter  t                 G.B 

T,  te 

1 

time,  to  S,  take  t 

.El 

£ 

flame  f 

U,  ue        1 

upon,               >-. 
unto,               w 

.En 

P 

fin,  find 

V 

v 

(do,)  very  1 

Fr 

^ 

from,  firet 

W 

/ 

with,  what  1 

.Ful 

/° 

full 

X,  ex 

<> 

e\i>ect 

.Gn 

J 

gen,  gone 

.V 

J 

you 

.Gent 

J 

iz 

J 

7m! 

•Gr 

J- 

great,  ger 

$f\l«U. 

Double  and  Syllabic  Characters  continued. 

He 

lira                                  1! 

£t 

A 

Imp 

q 

Important               I'. 

.Sted 

A 

stead,     "std.",  S.T\V 

In 

j 

en                         -.1. 

.Struct         X1 

[•tret] 

.Inter  T 

o 

intr  t         'ntr  .  (..1: 

.Sub- 

/ 

-•illijrct. 

Kn 

0 

know,  knowledge,  15 

.Super  t 

' 

[f  q 

Ml 

^^ 

multi  1 

Ted 

I 

-tudc,    • 

Mm 

mem 

Th 

;the,  t; 

.Ngl 
Ob 

3 

nglc                         G 
object                      1  '• 

The 
Tw 

they) 

Ook 

fb 

Temp 

o      tempt,                 "tmp" 

Op 

3 

opportunity  1,  hopet 

Ump 

1 

Ou           j 

^•^ 

v^P 

VI 
Wh 

vel 
why  1 

.rr 

•I'ul- 

Ppl 

Pp 

O^ 

o 

pie                         S 
S 
people 
(!)  prop  !prp 

\V1 

£ 

wil.will 

Phonography. 

Amb 
Bod 

? 

—  i 

About 
again 

Recon 

<  — 

rrcu 

*  <T,Cpt 

c 

• 

an,  and 

Bnt 

.Uamp 

X1 

rmp 

~   .Y\ 
2  I.str 

d 

\ 

beyond  T 
Christian 

.Ramp 
.Hv 

rt 

r 

- 

.=  Mstr 
•j.  .Xstr 

7 

i 

'lier 
if  1 

Sh 

</ 

shall 

'•'_    IV-tr 

~^> 

* 

it 

Simp' 
Specf 
Sump' 

r 
r 

symp 

a   Ord   B 
S  Trd 
"'-  Tret    S 

•\ 

I 

n 

TT, 

o 

nevertheless 

ding 
notwithftuu- 

of,  might  1 

JBd 

A 

/  "\Vsd-,  said,      S 

Whl 

o' 

often 

[.Ses- 

K4 

(says)             [s-s]    S 

wn 

^ 

which  1 

1     _      al.i- 

[bl,  bid  W      S.M.E 

' 

Ullll'-. 

ibis;    ^.:,i.r. 

-b!y,  b!y 

S.      K 

*    ^ 

abted-,  bled 

[bldBj         M,L 

-            ~\ 

ability,  bility 

5LK 

°    1 

aught, 

7    /  \ 

;on  [ercry  so/T  c-shun,  s  or  z-shun  or  -zhun]  S.  JCPL 

8   >x- 

cessions,  sessions 

;«?ery  so/?  c-shuns,  s  or  z-shuns]  S.  JCPL 

0    .1 

ction,  ection,  exion 

[every  hard  -c  shun  or  k-zhunl  S.  JCI'L 

10    ^t 

ctions,  ections,  L-xious 

S.  JCI'L 

11     No 

del,  die 

M,E 

12     /^" 

.ferancf,  ferenoe 

13    ^.ferences 

.fessioual 

15    /Q 

.flciency 

M,E 

16    ^ 

.ficient 

M,E 

17    /O 

.fore 

IS    > 

•fully             orj    LEP 

;   —  y  fulness 

W      J 

.gence 

.'gntsf,  gncef]    S.  5f,E 

ao    -^ 

•graph,  grapliy  1,  ography  1,  grapherf                                      >i,K 

:>!    —  ' 

.opraj.  . 

:  ' 

mgA;    ngJP 

ningOP    [ding  TT]     S.  M,E 

Ings  A;    ngsJP 

ningsOP    [dings  WJ     S.  M.1I 

L'4     < 

ingi-d  A  ;    uged  JP 

S 

on 

S.  .! 

ong 

S.  JCPR 

«•    ^ 

y              lly 

S. 

it>,  Ily;lidityW,        afl 

'1  short  s/or  lities,  Hies  ;  liditk-s  \\' 

29    <¥  logical,  ological;  logy  1, 

ology  1 

30     N     ment  UEP ;  meutsAp;  mented  AV,UEP  :  nment  OP;        >.M  i: 

:;i    ,    ness,    -i-y  nesses 

[ngr,  ngry,  nography,  nographer,  DT  and  j 
:;:;    S*Q    ock 

34  —a    pus  and  erery  slius 

HO     —5    ousness  and  ivery  shusness 
36      i     ,out  3 
;:    >-*•»    -pel -pelted  W   pld  AY.  For  pi  alone  use  the  first  character  .S.M,E 

35  «)  |  pidity  AV  p  ity 

39  reat'joixed  to  upper  side  of  rings        [rst,  rsty  1 ;  rstd  AV 
'  jo     r     -rve,  rved 

11     /  •'']'*::        JP 

42  /  I'.. M.i: 

43  /    :.selves- 

44  ^     fhip  JCI'K 

40  [thrl. 

.      tion,  sion  crcry  fhunAE;  ution  UEP  tution  ;t-tion  UEP 
47     *-      tions,  sions  every  shunsAE;  utions  UEP         t-tions  I'EP 
i  I     live-  S.UEP,  tivity  UEP,      add  short  sybr  lives,  tivi: 

.true:  [t  re,  tret]  S 

!  50     £     ward       or  omit  the  dot  ami  make.  th<.  utrvi  • 
.sards 

J    lest  [1st '.     M  can  be  added  to  any  ring-Ch.  by  making  the  ring  a  ; 
hook,  that  is— leaving  tin-  ring  a'little  open  instead  ol'  closing  it. 
Jf  l.ndd  EAA".      Add  d  to  a  ring-C'h.  by  making  the  ring  a  loop,  that 
is--ih:t:«  ning  it  a  little ;  but  the  loon  must  begin  or  end  the  word. ' 
liy  thickening  the  stroke,  d  is  added  to  auy  short  <  !i. 

It  it  stands  on  the  1  or   the  '-2-line, 

Thickening  the  beginning  of  a  long  Ch.  adds  r/:  thickening  its 
end  adds  ril\  thickening  the  whole  or  middle  adds  ni  or  ri. 

Shortening  a  longC'h.  adds  at. 

*  I>raw;»(  from  11  to  L  in  B,  but  from  L.  to  R  in  M  and  E  of 
words,  making  an  angle  iu  joining. 


NOTES  ON  THE  ALPHABET. 

1.  No  character  is  provided  for  q  without  u,  because  it  is 
always  followed  by  u,  qu  being'  in  fact  a  consonant  which, 
cannot  be  pronounced,  in  any  word,  without  the  help  of  a 
vowel,  as  in  quitting.  Nor  has  it  been  thought  necessary  in 
the  syllabic  characters  to  distinguish  dis  from  dcs,  in  from 
en,  inter  from  enter,  symp  from  simp,  and  engl  from  angl; 
and  the  same  liberty  may  be  taken  in  other  cases  when  the 
spelling  is  different,  but  the  sound  is  nearly  or  exactly  the 
same,  as  in  struc,  struct;  spec,  spect;&nd  the  various  termina- 
tions sounding  like  shun,  as  tion,  sion,  etc.  The  exact  ortho- 
graphy, if  required,  can  be  shown  by  writing  the  single  in- 
stead of  the  syllabic  characters,  and  in  all  such  cases  care 
must  be  taken  not  to  leave  any  reader  acquainted  with  the 
characters  room  for  a  moment's  hesitation. 

2.  All  the  horizontal  characters,  except  the  short  bl,  are 
drawn  from  left  to  right,  and  none  of  them  is  more  than 
half  as  high  as  those  which,  like  t,  d,  s,  are  perpendicular  or 
sloping.  D,  c,  d,  f,  g,  I,  m,  n,  p,  r,  s,  t,  v,  w,  x,  y,  z,  are  of 
one  height,  and  are  called  long  letters ;  those  which  are 
longer  are  called  double  lengths,  &sangl,  inter,  sub,  and  have 
G  after  them  to  show  that  they  are  of  greater  length,  while 
those  that  are  shorter  have  S  after  them,  to  signify  that  they 
Are  short,  or  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  long  letters. 

t.  The  long  curved  characters  are  the  quarters  of  a  large 
circle,  the  upper  half  of  which  makes  r,  b,  and  the  lower 


STENOGRAPHY.  15 

half  v,  y.  We  never  make  the  half  of  the  large  circle  stand 
for  one  letter,  but  we  take  another  circle  of  only  half  the 
diameter,  and  divide  it  by  a  perpendicular  line  for  c  and  ob, 
and  by  a  horizontal  line  for  e,  which,  with  a  ring  on  the 
right,  becomes  o.  A.  small  ring  is  divided  horizontally  i'or 
u,  and  quartered  for  rv,  on,  in,  and  pi. 

4.  Initial  Ji  is  a  crook  ;  but  middle  or  final  h  is  a  straight 
line  like  a,  with  a  dot  under  the  centre.     Comp,  comb,  C'.mi, 
nnyl,  rest,  final  ch,  and  the  termination  ness  are  also  crooks, 
while/"/1  and  the  terminations  ous  and  ousness  are  hooks.  Gr, 
ad,  ss,  st,  are  the  two  single  Chs.  made  half-size,  and  joined 
together.     Sub  is  twice  and  super  half  the  height  of  s,  and 
.super  stands  so  as  to  make  the  first  long  Ch.  in  the  word 

cross  the  line. 

5.  Ruled  lines  are  not  absolutely  necessary  ;  but,  in  learn- 
ing the  reporting  hand,  it  is  better  to  have  a  ruled  line,  in 
order  to  indicate  more  accurately  the  proper  position  for 
the  characters. 

6.  There  are  no  capitals  ;  they  can  be  easily  indicated  by 
two  short  lines  under  or  over  the  letter. 

7.  The  ingenious  student  may  derive  some  assistance  from 
the  foregoing  observations  in  remembering  the  forms  of  the 
different  Chs. ;  but  perhaps,  after  all,  they  may  be  most  easily 
learnt  by  simply  copying  the  exercises  and  referring  to  the 
alphabet.     To  join  Chs.,  see  "  Rules  for  Writing  Stenogra- 
phy," after  the  Sign-Tables. 

NOTE  BY  THE  EDITOR. 

THOUGH  many  attempts  have  been  made  to  have  every  simple 
elementary  sound  represented  by  a  distinct  letter,  EO  one  has  suc- 
ceeded in  inventing  a  sufficient  number  of  simple  characters  that  can 
be  easily  distinguished  from  one  another,  and  rapidly  joined  together, 
so  as.  to  form  a  fair,  lineal,  and  cursive  hand  for  stenographic  pur- 
poses. Dr.  Lindsley,  in  his  Tachygrapfiy,  has  succeeded  in  joibiug 
many  of  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  to  the  consonants ;  the  curious 


16  STENOGRAPHY. 

may  judge  for  themselves  how  he  has  succeeded  in  other  respects. 
There  are  many  laborers  in  the  field,  and  he  who  makes  any  real  im- 
provement in  this  important  art  will  find  it  duly  appreciated  in  this 
utilitarian  age. 

PUNCTUATION. 

The  usual  stops  are  employed,  excepting  only  the  period 
or  full-stop,  which  is  made  thus  +.  For  a  comma,  a  long 
straight  line,  like  sub,  drawn  down  under  the  line,  is  the 
most  distinct.  In  reporting  we  have  no  time  to  insert  stops, 
but  leave  spaces,  and  add  them  afterwards  at  leisure. 

NUMBERS. 

Our  common  Arabic  figures  are  themselves  short-hand 
numerals,  and  for  most  purposes  sufficiently  expeditious. 
Shorter  characters  are  here  given  for  those  who  prefer  to 
use  them  in  reporting.  The  short  up-stroke  of  the  figure 
one  can  be  omitted  when  joined  to  other  figures.  The  or- 
dinals first,  second,  third,  etc.,  are  known  by  being  written 
across  the  line.  When  figures  are  mixed  in  writing,  it  is 
better  to  leave  a  space  between  it  and  them,  and  to  let  the 
first  figure  lap  or  stand  half  its  length  above  the  line  on 
which  the  rest  are  written. 

1234567890 


SIGNS. 

1.  It  is  the  practice  in  all  systems  of  Short-hand,  instead 
of  writing  the  most  common  words  at  full  length,  to  repre- 
sent them  by  one  or  more  of  their  leading  letters.     Such 
abbreviations  are  here  called  Signs.     All  the  Chs.  in  the 
foregoing  Tables  are  the  signs  of  the  words  set  opposite 
to  them.     They  there  consist  of  only  one  Ch. ;  but  it  con- 
tributes greatly  to  promote  expedition,  to  represent  some 
other  words  by  fewer  Chs.  than  naturally  belong  to  them  : 
and  we  may  even  use  a  few  Arbitraries  with  advantage,  as 
a  f  for  the  cross,  and  a  circle  for  the  wurld.    These,  with 
words  that  seemed  to  requirt  notice  on  account  of  some 
peculiarity  in  the  union  or  position  of  their  Chs,  have  all 
been  collected  into  one  list,  in  alphabetical  order,  and  may 
for  convenience  be  referred  to  under  the  general  name  of 
Signs. 

2.  The  most   useful    begin  with  Capitals,  and   some  of 
them,  printed  entirely  in  capitals,  are  so  essential  that  they 
are  never  to  be  written  in  full,  but  always  represented  by 
the   Chs.   in  the   List.     The   Stenographer  will    find  that 
those   without   capitals  are  worth  remembering ;  and  the 
Reporter,  that  those  in  [  ]  are  also  worthy  of  his  attention  : 
for,  of   course,  the  more   signs  the   writer  employs,   the 
easier  it  will  be  for  him  to  follow  a  speaker. 

3.  The    same    abbreviation    (like    Dr.    for    doctor    and 

may  sometimes  stand,  in  one  position,  for  two 
different  words,  without  any  danger  of  our  mistaking  the 
one  intended,  especially  when  they  are  not  the  same  parts 
of  speech.  When  two  Signs  are  given  for  the  same  word, 
the  Stenographer  can  take  his  choice ;  the  shortest  is  the 
best  for  the  Reporter. 


18  SIGNS. 

4.  A  short  s,  or  any  termination,  may  be  joined  to  a 
Si  tin  or  taken  from  it,  when  the  word  differs,  in  this  respect, 
trnin  that  in  the  List ;  and  it  matters  not  how  much  it  may 
alter  the  spelling,  it  is  sufficient  to  add  the  termination  to 
the  simple  sign,  if  pronouncing  the  sign  with  the  additional 
letters  will  give  the  word  its  proper  sound  ;  thus,  -we  add 
«  to  the  Ch.  for  country  to  obtain  the  sound  of  countries  or 
country's,  and  ly  to  very  for  verily. 

.").  A  word  included  in  (  )  must  be  written  in  full  when 
it  forms  a  part  of  another,  as  come  in  comet ;  but  the  Sign 
may  be  used  with  safety  in  its  own  compounds,  as  income, 
welcome.  Some  words,  whose  signs  are  often,  but  not 
always,  used  in  longer  words,  are  in  this  List  in  (  ),  though 
they  are  not  marked  thus  in  the  Alphabet  ;  as,  come. 

G.  To  add  d  or  ed  to  a  Sign,  if  it  is  a  ring-letter,  we  can 
make  the  ring  a  loop ;  if  it  is  short,  or  shortened,  or  if  any 
part  of  the  first  long  Ch.  in  the  word  stands  below  the  one 
or  the  2-line,  we  have  only  to  thicken  the  Ch. ;  but  if  it 
is  a  long  up  or  down-stroke  standing  on  the  one  or  the 
'2-line,  we  join  the  Ch.  for  d  to  the  Sign.  We  may  move 
a  word  standing  on  either  line  so  that  its  first  long  Ch.  will 
cross  the  line,  and  then  add  d  to  the  long  down-strokes  by 
thickening  them.  It  is,  however,  better  not  to  move  it, 
but  to  write  the  d,  if  the  same  Ch.  stands  below  either  line 
for  another  word. 

7.  By  putting  a  Ch.  on  the  y-line,  final  y  is  added  to  it 
without,  writing  the  y;  but  we  can  set  a  Sign  on  the  y-line 
even  if  y  is  not  added,  and  it  will  cause  no  confusion  unless 
a  y  after  the  sign  would  make  a  word.     The  Signs  of  most 
words  ending  in  h,  e,  r,  d,  cross  or  stand  under  the  2  line. 

8.  A  T  indicates  that  the   Ch.  opposite  to  it  does  not 
usually  stand  for  that  word,  but  will  at  times  be  found  con- 
venient to  represent  it  in  Phrase-Writing.    BW  direct  that 
the  first  Ch.,  MW  that  the  middle  Ch.,  and  EW-  or  TW 
that  the  end  or  termination  be  made  wide  or  thick. 


AN 

ALPIIABETICAL     LIST     OF     ALL    THE 

mm 

WITH  A  FEW 


If  no  figure  or  |  is  set  after  the  word,  its  Sign  (or  first  long  up 
or  down-stroke,)  stands  on  the  ruled  line,  '2:  but  whenever  it  is 
followed  by  1  its  Sign  must  stand  on  the  y-line, 

3  -       —  —        —          below      -     2    - 

—  -       t          -       —          —     cross  or  hang  on  -     2     - 

—  -      fl  •       —          —    cross  or  hang  on   •     y     - 
Short  marks  on  the  lines  which  separate  the  columns  give    the 

position  of  line  2,  the  only  one  ever  ruled.       Chs.  without  thu-e 
marks  aro  on  2. 

The  j— line  is  never  ruled,  but  is  supposed    to  run  along  the 
tops  of  the  long  Chs.  standing  on  the  2-line- 

dT    Words  marked tl  ending  in  THF.R  require  all  their  Chs.  to 
be  short  A:,  if  horizontal,  below  the  y-line. 


ABLE  S, 

ability 

ABLY  S 

ABOUT 

above 

absurd,  absent  T3 


V 


T    accept*.  -ecl+TW 
"T    Accompany  1 
T    nccomplislit,  -ed  f 
— 5»  according 
— /  According  as 
—j  Accordingly 
_J   According  to 


.SIGNS 

In  Accordance  with        -> 
Account  1 
Accounted  1 

[accustom t,  -edtTW]  T/1 -)    i 
Acknowledge  T       1 

acquaint,  -ance  t 
adopt*,  [adpt+] 
Adv   B,  -autage  t,  BW 
afti-r  S  1 

.vards  BS 

.  ACAIVST   I 
i  &  again 
Agriculture  t 

.Itural      t 

All  B  1,  al  B  1  <J 

almighty  I  ^ 

alphabet  1  ~3      f 

alphabetical  1 
al-n  1 
Always  1  TS 


\ 


Ameri-ca  3G,  -can  3Q 
Among  TS 
amongst 
amphitheatre  f 
ampli-fy  l,  -tudef 
AND,     An,  any  I 
answer  3,  -ed  SV*f 

ancestor  f 

angels  t,    angles  t 

angelic  t 

anniversary  I 

anonymous  t 

ANOTHER'S  TS  I 

apologies  1,  -irize  1 

architect  t,  -ure  t 

archbishop 

(ARE,  OCR,  or  S,i 

aristocra-t,  -tic.-cy  1  ,TS 

aristocracies  1,  arrests 

(  As  S  ,   Has  S   ) 


astonish  * 

astronomy  1 ,  -ieal  1 
Atmospher-et,  -icf 
attorney-general  1 

.'-.I  .  ;r,i,    ' 

auxiliary  1,  axle-tree  t 

B 

Babylon  t  TS 

bankrupt  1,  -cy  1 

l;:i|i!isc',  baptism 

baptist  s 

BK,  BKKX,  Br  1 

Because  •"•.  Begin  t 

behold,  beheld  t 

•-.'x-lirved  t  T\V 
een  •*•.  bct-.vixt  1 

T-cyo!i'.l  1.  behind 

Bishop 

Bless,  B',.^,1    YV' 

Brethren 


"1 


SIGNS  21 

v  [British  BW] 

y  Brought,  brother  Stl 

j  (BcT)       1  (both) 

V^  by  and  by  1 

c 

£__  California  t 

(Q  calcul 

£  (CAN),  or  with  nn  dot 

^p  CANNO: 

C  caa-didatef,   -dlestick   1 

(  [<-'P»  cpt,  cap-ital,  -tain] 

C_  catholic 

C  Certain  1,  -1y  W  1 

^  Character*,  chapter 

Q_  h   €  characteristic4- 

1  '         £  ClIILI>,  C 

(Q  /  children  of  Israel  1 

X  Christ,  Multiply  S 
) 

7        X  Christian,  -ity  1 

/3       >>  Christians,  christianize  1 


SIGNS 

y-o 


o 
c 

$ 

E. 


Christ  Jesus 

( 'hrist  Jesus  our  Lord  T*£ 

(  h.  J.  our  Saviour  -/7° 

Ch.  the  Lord,    crystal  ^ 

Christ  mas  TS  /$ 

Church  3,  chapel  I  — : 
circle  3,  circular :'. 
Circum,  [cnt  S,    sent  S] 
Circum-cise  1,  -stance 
Circumcision  1 

Circumstantial  C 

Cli-riry  1.  colonel  C 

(COME,)  committee  t  £ 
Companion,  Company  1       (" 

CONCERN,  Consider  3  c— 

condition  a~  • 
[congratulate  3,  -d  3T  W]      C 

congregation  8  ^ ' 

congregationalists  3  C^-j 

conscience  38  rr 


°\ 


°V 


cr 

Cr 


°\ 
t 

1-t 
t 

t. 

f-c/l 


conscientious  "  S 
Conse-quence  1,  -quentl 

consequential  1 
contemp-t,  -late  t 

contra,   Counter  ,  [cntrl 
[contribute  f] 

contradict  EW,  -ed  EW 
contradiction  MW 
contradictory  1  MW 
contradicts   MW.  TS 
conveuien-t,  -cet 
correspondf 

correspondcn-t,  -ce  +,TS 
COULD,      cultivate  t 
[cdnt  SW,  couldn't  SW] 
Countr,  Country  I 
Cross,  the  cross 
crossed  t  EW 
crucit-y  1,  -ied  I  EW 
cnicifixiou  L 
[custom  +"J 


SIGNS 


I) 


danger  3,       Day  ,  $  UP    \ 

defendant  TS  \*> 

degree  OP,  degrees  OP        ° 

deliver  t,  -ance  S3  ^o 

deliberation  f  X°' 

description 

denomination 

despatch*,  -edtTW 

DID,  [t  had  done  tj,  G 

differen-t,  -ce,  ") 

Difficult  1,-ylJ 

discharge  ,  -ed    TW 

Disciple  TS 

Disciples 

displeasure  ,  displace  t 

Distinguish  t,   -edtTW     N/1 - 

(Do,  very  1) 

(Does)V  down 

(DoNEt.  HAD),  Divide  t       x  " 


N^' 
X 

\J 
\ 


J 


(East,)    episcopal  ;; 
Each  other's 
[East  Indies] 

eccentric   TS,  -itylTS 
ecclesiastic,  -al 
econo-mical,  -my  1 
[Edinburgh  3] 
Education      W 
Eg}'Pt  v-^  Egyptians 

electric 

electricity  I 
empha-sis,  -tic 
empoverish  t,  -edtW 
Endeavor,  (either  +  1  S) 
endureth 

"England  t,     angel  t 
English  t 
Englishman  f 
Entert,  Inter +,  Intrt,  B 


SIGNS 


equalled  W,  equal 
Imperial  1,  Esquire  UEP 
establish*,  -edt  TW 
Et  csetera,  &c. 
cteru-al  1,  -ity  TS  1 
Europe  3,  -an  3 
evangelical 
evangelist 
Ever,  Every  1) 

^ever  &  ever 

Ever-lasting,  -ything  1 

every  other  1,  each  oth.  3 

examination 

Example    ,      expli 

Except  3,  Expect 
exchange  ,  exchequer! 

executor!;  exemplary  1 

executrix  t 

Exercisef,  -dfW 
explanation  1 


H 


r 


extinguish 't,  -ed  f  TW 
Extr,  EXTRA,  expl  1  ,JF 
Extraordinary 
extrava-gant,  -gancet 

F 

fa,  fin  .    find,  fine 
fa-miliart ,  -cutty  1 

,FoR,  foreE;  also  for 
\ FER  FIR. Fv^when  the 
,  e,  i,  U,  have  the  sound  of 
'  short  e,  or  short  U. 

Flamet,' influence  3  S 
Flagrant  TS 
Follow,  FOR 
/o       formf,  firm  t»  [frnf] 

~,    forasmuch  as  f  TS 
o  o 

2?  Frederictou  t,  friend 
I      frequen-t  TS,  -cy  t  TS 

?     FROM,  fire  t,  fear 

/c,  father  St  \.\.Aft< r  any  Ch . 
thr  is  impliedifthe  jtrccfd- 
inc/Chs.  be  shortened&^l] 

/o     FULL  or  a  dot  LEP 
>     FULLY, /©fulfil 


a 

Generation 

gent  S,  gents  3  S 

General  l,Give,-n,  (Gor>) 

George  1G,  [grgfG.] 

Gone 

Glorify  1 

good ;  govern  t,  -or  t 

Gospel 

graphic  T 

GREAT,  gratitude  t 

greater 

Great  Britain 

G.  B.  &  Ireland 

H 

(HAD,     DoNEt) 

half  1,  hundred  UP 
hallelujah  3 
[hand,  handed  W 
handkerchief  1 


SIGNS  25 
Happiness,  happy  1 


J 

J 

J 


S\ 

_A 


(HAVE) 

^      (HE,  Ever,  Every  1) 
0 —      Heaven,  Henry  1,  hear 

o heathen  1 ,  hemisphere  3 

-  f-      (Her  f,  OUR,  or  S) 
-r      Herself  t 
X       (His),    has  S 
< —       HIM,  hippo,      how  ,  B 
< — -    Himself 

—     (holy,  house  of)  JLFC 
Holy  Ghost 
Holy  Spirit  t 
house  of  assembly 
' Q  house  of  commons 
^— /*>  However,  [^  how  he] 
*\      (honor  3  S,  t-able,  S) 
« —  hunger  3,  hypocrisy  1 
Y  -  humble  t  TS 
^ .    humiliation 


Kentucky  1,  Kingdom  3 

Kind,  [kerchiff  1] 

Knees  TS 

Knew 

knock 

Know,  -n,  Knowledge 

L 

Language  t 
large  t,      learn 
latitude,  altitude  1,  TSW 
lawful 

legislate  t,  legislature  f 
legiMat-orfc4-,  -v. 
length,     lengthen  4 
LKT,  Lieutenant 
f  Let  us 
If  Let  us  not 
[Liverpool]  TS 
Logical  T,  Logj'  T  1 


SIGNS 

J  long,  -itude 

J  longest 

J  LORD 

J-o  Lord  Jesus  t 

J-7*  L.  J.  Christ 

<J  loyal' 

M 


J- 
J 

J 

d 

K 


•  V'  mag-istrate  t,  -azine  t 

^>  magna  1,  magni  1»  (Eian) 

V^>  magnanimous  1 

V^  magnificent  1 

Vs  Many  1,  manufactured 

'  "V  manuscripts  TS  t 

"Ji  mathenlatic,  -al 
X          may  be 

^}  melancholy 

"^  member +,    remember  t 

o~  merchant  t,        Mr. 

V7  merchandise  1 

^  My  1,  Mercy  1,  Them 


M 

might  1,  mighty  1 

mightest  1,  mightiest  1 
million  UP,  middle  W  t 
Mississippi  1 

mistakef.  mistakenf 
Moreover 

most 

mortality 

[(mucht)] 

multi  1,  Multitude  1 

Multitudes  1  TS 

Multipl-y8,  -iedEW 

(Must) 

H 

Nature,  INTEK  t,  Intro  t 
Necessity  1,  never 
Necessary  x/          none 
Nevertheless 
neigborhood  TW 
New  Brunswick 


SIGNS 

Newfoundland  t 

?~\  New  Hampshire  t 

A*  New  Orleans  t 

J  New  York  f 

.£  North  Carolina  t 

9  \  °Ix  number  t, 

^  ^no  longer  f.^nodoubtt 

fl  Nothing,     I      nor 

•77  Notwithstanding 


vi- 

V 


V 


V 


0 

^  O,  (Oh ! ),  origin  3,  [orgn]3 

D  Ob  B,  Bility  T,    obey  1 

D  Object,  observe  f 

^  objected,   obeyed  1 
3 —  objectionable 

2)  objections,  -serrations  t 

\^y  occasion 

j  occasional 

,  occasion-ally  I, -ing 

»  occasions 


o'clock 

Of,  offend  3,  offence  3  o 

offer  3,  offered  W  3  j 

offensive  f  <\>_- 

office,  \of  course  3  °C 

official  °G 

often,  oftenerS  <= 

oftenest  = 

Ohio  3,     *f  own  opinion  f^> 

OnB,  honors  -. 

(one                 first  t  / 

Only  1  S,  ly  TUP  -» 

Op    ,-en,  Opportunity  1  <D 
hope  •(• 

opinion,  (organ  3,  own)  r~d 

(or  S,           Our)  r 

Ord  B,  order  B,  -ed  EW  -\ 
ordinary  1 

ostentatious 


ff 


(other  1.)  otherwise  1 

(Ouoirr) 

^  oxight  to,  Ottawa 


SIGN3  ^ 

(Our,  hour) 

(OCRS,   hours) 

,  (Our  S  3),  -ward  S  3  W 

QS       Out  of,  out  of  the  world  Q 

Over  OP  or  OF,  S 
-_       Over  a 
^       oysters  TS 

P 

pamphlet 
paragraph  t 
Particular  t ,  person! 

->>       peculiar  t,     pecuniary  1 

-y~      Perfect  1 

"0         [prPl-  perpendicular  f 

-^_      Philadelphia* 

^      [philanthrop-ic  1  -y  1] 

^\_     Philoso-pher,  -phy 

•  -x_     phonogra-pher  3,  -phy  3 

-^        Physiciana 

places,   pleasure,  9 


O 


80 

Pleasures,  please,  S 
Plenipotentiaries  1  TS 
politic   1 
politician 

popularity  1,  People 
Possible 
Possibly 
powerful 
Possibility 
practicable  t 
practicability 
practical 
practice 
presbyterian 
present 

•  Principal  t,  principle  t 
probability  TG 
progress 

Prophe-t  ?r  '»  -cy  * 
[protestants]  BW 


SIGJSB 


V 


• 


•vc 


->. 
<C 


providen-cet.-tialt,  TW 
Public,  publican  t 


^      public  I,    V  "y  publish 

(Hi 

^     Qua-lify  1 ,  -rter  3,  Quest 

Qualification  1 

Qualifications  1 
,?    quantity  1 

I 
^_    Receive 

^•\  recognis-e,  [-ancef] 
Reconcile,  reckon  1 
Reconsider  3,  -cd  3  EW 
.   Tecon-ciliat'u,-siderat'n3 
-.     redemption 


. 


Regard  1,  reflect  t 
regenerate  t,  regret 
regeneration  t 
resolve  t,  response! 


-/7 

_    _     resolution  f 


responsibility  t 

reverend 

Righteous,  judicious  t 

Righteousness 

5  round  about 

S 

sacraments 

Bacrificet,  scribe,  sec'y  1 
SAID  SW,  [\  said] 
satisfactory,  satisfy,! 
same 

T  Saint  John 
«f  Saint  Paul 
Saviour,  Sovereign  1 
S.  Christ 
S.  J.  Christ 
schoolmaster  t 
school  /,.£  scholar  t 
Scriptural 
Scripture,  says  S 


~C  - 


SIGNS  81 

\ 

selfishly 

serve  TS,  Servant  T3 
Several,    k.  service 
SHALL,    SHOULD  t 
shoulder  t 

significan-t,  -ce  T8  t 
simplify  1 

[so  1]  some  1  ,  super  f  S 
society  1  TS 
somebody  1 
something  1 
sometimes  1 
somewhat  1 
spec,  spect,  [spc,  spot] 
spirit -f,    j  -ual  f 
Sub-ject,  -scribe  f 
sub-jection,  -scription  f 
Substance  t 
substantial 
substantially  t         .  -  - 


•*•- 


r- 

si 


82 


suggest,  signify  1,  -aturet 
BurprisetS, -dtSTW 
sympa-thy  1,  -thetic 


SIGNS 

b/    Thus,     this  with  no  dot 

Tilings,  ings  T 
<D     thro',  thro' the  world  G 


symptom,  simplicity  1 

T 

tabernacle  tt_        (take)t 

Temp-t,  -orary  1,  -oralt  G 

Temptations 

umpcrt,  -anceSS 

temperance  society  1 

thank  f,  think  f 

thanksgiving  t 

THAT,  Thousand  t 

THE,  THEE,  THY  1 

Their,  There 

Them 

Therefore 

THET 

these  TS,  thinks 

Thote 


r 


k 


i- 


I/5 


cp     Throughout  S 

|      Time,  trans  1,  textf 

,       To  S,  [t  to  do  SW,  atJB 

*\     to-day  BS  or  i 

i      Together 

J      tongue,  lively  UP 

]     Toward  EW  ' 

\J    transgress  1 
-  V?   trespass  t 

II 

^s  unanimous  t 
_      Under    UP 
-_      underst-a'nd,-oodW,UEP 


u\  undoubted  TW 

^  f  U.  S.  of  America  t 

Y  Universal 

V  universally 


/TV 


V 


University 
unmistakable  t 
(UNTO),  universe 
(Up)  ^  (UPON) 
(Uat),  [uset] 

V 

Valley  1,  voluntary  S  1 
value,  volunteer  +>  vol.t 
vengeance  t 

(Very  1),  virgin  t  Vs-_ 

Virginia  i  ^ — " 

W 

(WAS),  whose  f  & 

Washington  f  &  ' 

Ward,  or  W  with  no  dot  { 

r  West  Indies  Cj 

WITH,  What  1,  whom  t  ^ 

whomsoever  t,  Why  t  <^ 

Wherefore  </* 

WHICH  1,  WILL,  well  / 


SIGNS 

V       d  which  w  ill  1,    who  will 

"YLH  £j  Wilderness 

&f  WilUngness 

I  [without  3  S] 

O  WORLD,  The  world 
O  iii  the  world 

O          into  the  world 
O*         Out  of  the  world 
O          round  the  world 
(D          throughout  the  world 

./  Would,  or  S    with  no  dot 


Yesterday 
Yesterday's,  Yours  t 
You,-rf,  -ng  1,  yearf 
[fyouS.fyourS] 
Yourself 
Yourselves 

z 

Zeal,  [Xenophon  t] 


NOTES  ON  THE  SIGNS. 


1.  When  we  say  that  a  word  is  a  sign,  we  mean  that 
the  character  for  the  sign-word  is  to  be  written  just  as  it  is 
in  the  list.     One  hundred  of   these  signs   make  more  than 
ene-half  of  all  we  have  to  write  in  taking  down  any  dis- 
course or  debate.     Hence  the  importance  of  having  short 
signs  to  represent  these  constantly  recurring  words. 

2.  I  might  have  gone  on  adding  to  the  list  till  we  had 
as  many  signs  as  are  to  be  found  in  "  Pitman's  Reporter's 
Companion,"  takingonly  the  most  expressive  and  convenient 
letters  in  each  word  ;  as,    c-cation  for  communication;  P  S-cy, 
Provincial  Secretary;  Can-y,   Canterbury;  H-x,  Halifax ; 
N-S\,  Nona  Scotia;  M-a-*s,  Massachusetts;  Tens-eS,  Ten- 
nessee; S-W\,  Switzerland;  P-a\,  Pennsylvania;  and  the 
phrases,  that  tJie,  that  thy,  that  they,  might  be  written  with 
a  double  t  like  the  sign  tlutt,  but  in  other  respects  the  same 
as  the,  thy,  and  they.    It  is  needless,  however,  for  the  steno- 
grapher to  overload  his  memory  with  such  arbitrary  con- 
tractions, as  he  can  have  as  many  signs  as  he  pleases  merely 
by  writing  the  words  according  to  the  rules  of  Phono- 
graphy ;  as,  p-pltion,  population  ;  congr-g-tion-l,  congregct- 


STENOGRAPHY.  35 

tional ;  s-n-gg,  synagogue  ;  comp-r-nd,  comprehend  .  comp-r- 
nxion,  comprehension ;  adding  the  short  cty  to  the  sign 
multiply  for  multiplicity,  etc.,  etc. 

3.  Very  many  of  our  signs  have  all  the  characters  they 
require  to  express  the  words  according  to  the  Phonographic 
rules,  and  therefore  would  not  appear  in  any  reporting  list 
of  signs.     I  have  given  them,  however,  for  the  use  of  those 
who  desire   convenient   abbreviations   for   writing   steno- 
graphy.     Of  this  class  are  absent,  acquaint,  angels,  angelic, 
believe,  both,  brother,  but,  condition,  contradict,  contradiction 
-or?/,  description,  did,  disciple,  does,  down,  education,  English, 
judge,  knock,  long,  loyalists,  public,  etc.,  which  are  all  con- 
venient for  an  experienced  writer.     The   learner,  will,  of 
course,  use  only  the  principal  signs,  which  are  easily  known 
by  the  type  in  which  they  are  printed,  for  instance  : 

4.  "  ABLE,"  being  a  word   of  primary  importance,  is 
printed  altogether  in  capitals.      This  sign  is  in  reality  the 
short  bl,  like  a  half-length  a,  and  is  suggestive  of  the  ter- 
mination ;  as,  [_  table,  /_  sable.     To  add  d  to  it,  either  make 
the  character  thicker,  or  joia  d  to  the  left  end  ;  as,  ~  abled. 

5.  "  In  accordance  with,"  see  page  20.     As  only  the  first 
letters  of  this  phrase  are  capitals,  its  sign  (Iu-a  «•)  is  one  of 
Secondary  importance  ;  the  w  stands  on  the  line,  as  the  rule 
of  position  requires,  because  it  is  the  first  long  character. 

G.  "  America  3  G,  -can  3  G."  Proper  names  begin  with 
capitals,  and  we  are  not  to  infer  from  the  large  initials  thai 
such  words  occur  more  frequently  than  those  which  in  the 
list  begin  with  small  letters.  If  the  writer  would  select 
the  most  labor-saving  abbreviations,  let  him  first  learn  the- 
signs  of  those  words  which  are  altogether  in  capitals,  then 
of  those  beginning  with  a  large  letter,  and  pay  no  regard 
to  the  words  in  [  ],  which  are  of  little  use  except  in  the 
hurry  of  reporting.  The  sign  for  "  America  "  is  A-a,  undtr 
the  line,  as  the  3  shows,  and  the  G  requires  the  Ch.  to  be 


36  STENOGRAPHY. 

greater,  that  is,  twice  as  long  as  single  a.  No  obscurity 
can  arise  from  using  precisely  the  same  sign  for  "  Ameri- 
can," as  it  is  not  easy  to  find  a  sentence  in  which  one  word 
could  be  mistaken  for  the  other. 

7.  ".(  As  S,  Has  S)."    This  sign,  page  20,  is  a  short  s  on 
the  line,  and  we  see  by  the  ( )  that  it  is  not  to  be  used  for 
as  and  has  when  they  are  'parts  of  other  words  ;  we  must 
write,  for  instance,  a-s-k,  and  not  s-k  for  ask. 

8.  "Bishop,"  p.  21,  is  represented  by  bp  crossing  the 
line ;  and  "  baptize,  baptism,"  by  bp,  with  the  last  letter  on 
it.  The  position  of  the  line  is  represented  by  the  tick  on  the 
double  line  dividing  the  columns.      Take  care  to  make  bp 
twice  as  long  as  b  or  p. 

9.  "  In  B,  ing  A  E,  ng  J  P,  S,"  page  26.    The  B  here 
shows  that  the  Ch  stands  for  in  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  : 
for  ing,aftcr  the  Ch  before  it  at  the  end;  and  for  ng  if  joined 
to  the  preceding  Ch.;  the  S  shows  that  the  Ch.is  short. 

10.  At  page  24  we  have  "father  S  f  1."  which  shows 
that  the/ for  father  is  short,  and  crosses  the  1  or  y-line. 
This  sign  belongs  to  an  abbreviating  rule,  given  at  page 
13,  No.  45,  thus,  "  [ther  D  T,  S  f  1],"  signifying  that,  in 
Phonography,  to  add  ther,  we  must  drop  the  termination 
ther,  shorten  all  the  preceding  Chs,  and  write  them  across 
the  1  or  y-line. 

11.  The  sign  ever  is  a  large  e  :  at  the  end  of  words  it 
turns  cither  way  ;  but  when  it  is  alone,  it  stands  as  in  the 
table,  and  it  is  well  to  put  a  dot  under  the  left  end  of  it,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  pronoun  —-  he.    [The  e  and  «  for 
foand  you,  in  phrase-writing,  turn  either  way,  but  standing 
alone  e  always  turns  down,  and  v  up.] 

12.  "  You,  r  f,  ng  1,  year  f."    This  shows  that  y  stands 
for  you  on  the  line,  your  and  year  across  the  line,  and  young 
above  the  line.      If  the  learner  intends  to  acquire  the  re- 


STENOGRAPHY.  37 

porting  hand,  he  should  at  once  use  the  small  u  instead  of 
y  for  you. 

13.  The  student  should  notice  that  there  is  an  angle  in 
the  ring  oT  the  sign  angelic  where  the  c  is  joined  to  the  angl; 
that  the  sign  for  judge  has  a  large  ring,  as  if  spelled  juje, 
and  that  the  ring  in/<?r/  and  fulf  should  be  twice  as  large 
as  the  ring  of/.      The  looped/ with  a  dot  in  it  is  the  sign 
for  fulfilled,  and  elect-y  for  electricity.      The  iny  can  be 
joined  with  an  angle  to  the  sign  some,  for  something. 

14.  The  foregoing  examples  will  enable  the  learner  to 
understand  the  signs  by  referring  to  the  "  Key  and  Alpha- 
bet,"  and  it  will  be  found  that  these  signs  can  be  read  more 
easily  than  those  of  any  systems  which  do  not  give  the  ini- 
tial and  final  vowels  when  sounded.      Thus  :  if,  in  the  sen- 
tence, "  lie  is  one  of  the  aristocracy,"  we  write,  as  we  do, 
ti-i-st-y  for  aristocracy,  it  is  a  more  suggestive  contraction 
than  r  s  tk,  which  is  given  in  a  system  which  has  no  con- 
necting vowels. 

ARBITRARIES. 

Some  Phonetic  authors  boast  of  having  no  arbitrages, 
while  multitudes  of  their  signs  seem  really  to  belong  to 
that  class  ;  for  what  can  be  more  arbitrary  than  such  con- 
tractions as  gw  for  language,  jr,  for  larger,  nfor  under,  etc., 
etc.?  Arbitrarics  are  not  absolutely  necessary,  but  I  have 
admitted  a  few,  which  will  soon  find  favor  as  the  shortest 
signs  for  particular  words.  They  consist  of  characters 
joiped  together  in  an  unusual  manner,  and  occasionally  of 
a  common  letter  or  fanciful  mark  ;  as,  H  about,  . .  again,  o  of, 
0  the  world,  J.  together,  etc. 


449463 


38  STENOGRAPHY. 

RULES    FOR    WHITING     STENOGRAPHY,    WITH 
REMARKS   UPON  THE   CHARACTERS. 

1.  Phonetic  systems  require  us  to  write  only  such  Betters  as 
•jive  the  sound  of  words  ;  but  as  the  habit  has  an  inevitable 
t^uiirucy  to  leai  many  at  length  to  doubt  how  to  spell  cor- 
rectly, I  prefer  deviating  but  little  from  the  established 
orthography.     The  learner  is  reminded  that  he  should  give 
his  attention  chiefly  to  the  exercises,  as  the  writing  of  them 
will  teach  him  the  substance  of  the  directions  here  given, 
more  quickly  and  pleasantly  than  if  he  were  to  commit  to 
memory  these  dry  and  formal  rules.     Tabular  words  in  [  ] 
are  not  used  in  Stenography. 

2.  It  is  a  common  complaint  with  those  who  have  tried 
"  Pitman's  Phonography,"  that   it   is  hard  to  identify  hia 
characters  if  hastily  written,  and  that  time  is  lost  in  giving 
them  their  proper  thickness. 

The  force  of  this  objection  will  be  felt  by  any  one  rapidly 
writing  one  hundred  marks  of  the  simplest  kind,  promis- 
cuously thick  and  thin ;  for  he  will  find  that  there  is  a  sen- 
sible loss  of  time  in  writing  them  with  sufficient  care  to 
distinguish  the  thick  from  the  thin.  Gouraud,  in  the  intro- 
duction to  his  "  Cosmophonography,"  published  1850,  haa 
many  just  remarks  upon  this  and  kindred  subjects. 

For  this  reason,  I  have  choaen  alphabetic  characters  of 
such  shape  that  they  can  be  distinguished  without  regard 
to  their  tbickn^PS. 

:!.  K  and  Qu  are  properly  horizontal  curves  (like  Pit- 
mau's  m  and  n),  uo  deeper  or  higher  than  ^,  e,  but  spread- 
ing twice  as  much.  If  we  mark  them  in  Stenography  with 
a  dot,  we  need  not  be  particular  as  to  their  size. 

4.  U,  which  is  a  horizontal  half-ring,  is  rarely  found  at 
the  end  of  English  words,  and  we  have  a  medial  «  [not 
used  in  Phonography],  so  that  there  can  be  no  mistake  if 


STENOGRAPHY.  39 

in  Stenography,  we  write  medial  and  final  e  as  small  as  u. 
But,  as  it  is  not  always  easy  for  beginners  to  preserve  the 
relative  size  of  horizontal  carves,  they  are  advised  to  put  a 
dot  over  A',  under  qn,  and  in  >t,  uutil  they  can  read  their 
writing  readily  without  it.  The  dot  renders  these  charac- 
ters distinct,  however  carelessly  they  may  be  written. 

5.  R  is  a  large  quarter-circle,  or,  as  is  sometimes  more 
convenient,  a  straight  stem  with  a  crook  at  the  top  like  rest, 
but  r  is  always  an  up  stroke,  and  rest  a  down-stroke. 

(3.  Ex  is  always  a  perpendicular  wave  line  beginning 
like  c  :  take  care,  therefore,  never  to  begin  it  like  b. 

7.  The  short  bl  and  pi,  when  not  initial,  are  drawn  from 
left  to  right ;  but  (except  before  c,  and  characters  taking 
the  direction  of  down-stroke*)  when  they  begin  words  they 
are  drawn  from  right  to  left,  so  that  their  left  ends  may  be 
joined  to  the  next  characters.  See  examples  in  the  exercises. 
For  initial  bla,  we  make  bl'&s  long  as  a,  drawing  it  from 
right  to  left. 

8.  POSITION.      The  first  long  Ch.,  when  there  is  one, 
rests  its  foot  where  we  wish  the  word  to  stand.     If  the 
word  is  to  be  written  on  the  line,  the  letters  must  be  so 
joined  as  to  let  the  first  lony  character  stand  on  the  line: 
and  when  we  find  1,  2,  3,  or  f  after  any  termination  or  short 
Ch.,  the  meaning  is  that  the  first  tony  Ch.  (in  the  word  to 
which  the  termination  or  short  Ch.  belongs)  stands  in  the 
position  indicated.     The  first  long  Ch.  of  no  word,  unless  it 
is  one  of  the  signs  or  ends  in  y,  can  stand  higher  than  on 
the  2-line.     When  the  Chs.  are  all  shorts  or  horizontals,  the 
lowest  of  the  first  two  down-strokes  rests  its  foot  where  a 
long  Ch.  would  stand.      S,  t,  and  the  ringed  dis,  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  consonant,  take  the  position  of  short  characters. 

9.  As  the  object  is  to  combine  legibility  with  brevity, 
we  can  let  the  Chs.  a,  b,  c,  d,f,  g,  i,  I,  m,  n,  o,  p,  s,  t,  v,  x, 
stand  also  for  ay,  be,  ce,  de,  ef,  ge,  igJi,  d,  em,  en,  ough,  pe,  es, 


40  STENOGRAPHY. 

te,  ve,  ex;  but  the  vowel  is  not  omitted  in  Stenography  when 
its  absence  would  leave  any  doubt  as  to  the  word  intended. 
Thus,  while  we  may  write  da,  ma,  sa,  b,  si,  for  day,  may, 
say,  be,  sigh,  and  mn  for  men,  we  must  add  e  to  b  in  beat, 
and  prefix  e  to  n  in  mien.  We  can  drop  the  vowel  between 
two  characters  whenever  it  has  the  sound  of  short  e,  as  d-tli, 
death;  loc-l,  local;  bas-n,  basin ;  rand-m,  random ;  harb-r, 
harbor;  sr,  sir,  etc.  This  can  cause  no  ambiguity  or  hesi- 
tation, the  vowel  to  be  supplied  having  always  the  same 
sound. 

10.  Final  y  is  implied  without  writing  it,  by  putting  the 
word  on  the  y-line,  which  is  so  called  because  final  y  is  ad- 
ded in  reading  the  Chs.  upon  it.    Thus,  b,  m,  th,fl,  an, ever, 
when  put  on  the  y-line  are  read  by,  my,  thy,  fly,  any,  every. 
This  line,  which  is  confined  in  Stenography  to  words  which 
can  be  written  by  one,  two,  or  three  characters   requiring 
no  vowels  to  be  joined  to  them,  is  used  in  reporting  when- 
ever we  can  thereby  shorten  a  word  ;  and  supplies  (what  is 
wanting  in  the  reporting  style  of  most  systems)  the  means 
of  always  knowing  with  certainty  when  y  is  to  be  added  to 
the  written  characters.      Words  ending  in  ay  drop  the  y, 
and  stand  on  the  main  line,  because  the  y  is  silent :   da  on 
the  y-line  would  be  clayey. 

11.  Each  of  the  Chs.  in  the  alphabet,  except  anglorengl, 
enter  or  inter,  and  super,  naturally,  when  it  is  alone,  stands 
with  its  lowest  part  resting  upon  the  line  ;  but,  as  a  sign 
for  a  particular  word,  the  Ch.  is  at  times  displaced ;  as,  d 
across  the  line  for  done. 

12  To  preserve  the  compactness  and  lineality  of  the 
writing,  it  is  generally  best  to  draw  s,  sub,  and  super,  so  as 
make  an  acute  angle  with  the  character  after  them ;  but 
they  must  be  drawn  down  both  before  and  after  r  ;  and 
wben  final,  up  after  w  and  i.  /Sand  t  may  be  long  or  short 
as  is  most  convenient  in  the  first  part  of  a  word  ;  but «  must 


STENOGRAPHY.  41 

always  be  long  before  the  double  characters  ct  and  re  ;  and 
t  always  long  at  the  end  of  a  word.  Final  s,  if  short,  usually 
sounds  like  2. 

13.  When  e,  i,  o,  «,  begin  words,  and  are  followed  by  a 
straight  stein,  their  ends  point  down  before  an  ascending, 
and  up  before  a  descending  stroke.  The  vowels  must  never 
be  so  joined  as  to  alter  the  shape  or  name  of  the  preceding 
character.  It  is  neater  to  let  the  end  of  e  point  up,  when 
the  word  begins  with  eg,  or  ey  ;  aud  down,  in  cb,  ep,  or  ev. 
The  ends  of  f,  o,  u,  are  always  turned  down,  so  as  to  point 
towards  the  bottom  of  the  paper,  after/,  fl,  gr,  r,  the  crook 
ch,  and  all  down-strokes  except  the  ringed  ch,  th,  v,  w,  and 
w  h. 

NOTE.  The  t/-dot  put  to  a,  i,  and  the  consonants,  is  all  they  require 
for  u  in  the  middle  of  word-,  but  sometimes  the  curve  and  dot  are  pre- 
ferable. Initial  e  is  always  turned  so  as  to  make  an  angle  in  joining  d, 
m,  r,  s, '.  it'.and  Chs.  beginning  like  them. 

14.  The  ascending  and  descending  Chs.,  that  have  not  S 
or  Q  after  them  in  the  tables  to  show  that  they  are  shorter 
or  grc'iti-r,  are  all  of  one  height ;  and  when  they  are  joined 
by  vowels  or  short  characters,  if  one  ascends  and  the  other 
descends,  or  tire  versa,  they  blend,  or  the  second  long  char- 
acter is  shortened  so  as  to  prevent  it  extending  higher  or 
lower  than  the  first :  thus,  in  read,  the  d  ends  when  it  conies 
to  the  line  on  which  r  begins. 

15.  F  being  an   up-stroke,  the  following  character  is 
joined  to  the  upper  part  of  the  ring.     The  ringed  dis  being 
a  down-stroke,  the  next  character  is  joined  to  its  foot  ;  it 
cannot  stand  alone  because  it  would  be  like/ ;  it  is  a  conveni- 
ent initial  before  ascending  and  horizontal  characters,  while 
the  double  stroke  dis  is,  in  general,  neater  before  down- 
etrokes.  and  used  with  them  in  all  positions. 

16.  For  is  always  represented  by//  and  this  use  of /as 


42  STENOGRAPHY. 

a  Byllabic  Ch.  is  found,  after  a  little  practice,  to  contribute 
to  ease  in  reading  as  well  as  writing,  jp'also  stands  forfer, 
fir,  fur,  when  they  are  short  and  pronounced  alike,  but 
never  for  the  long  sounds  fere,  fire,fure. 

17.  The  crook  ch,  not  being  an  initial,  is  a  convenient 
arbitrary  for  the  pronoun  it.    And  here  we  may  notice  that 
we  always  put  e  for  the  pronoun  he  ;  th,  for  the  ;  and  the 
for  they  ;  i.e., 'they  are  what  we  call  Signs. 

18.  The  crook  ord,  among  Phonographic  Chs.,  p.  11,  is 
the  sign  or  prefixed  to  d,  and  may  be  used  as  a   syllabic 
initial  in  Stenography  if  preferred  to  three  single  letters. 

19.  When  two  consonants  of  the  same  name  come  to- 
gether without  a  vowel  between  theni,  we  usually  write 
but  one  ;  if  we  double  them,  as  directed  on  page  9,  they  im- 
ply that  a  vowel  is  to  be  understood  between  them  ;  as  dd, 
for  ded  or  did;  mm,  for  mem,  etc.      In  double  and  syllabic 
characters,  if  we  enlarge  the  ring  of  n  in  inter,  it  becomes 
intern  ;  the  syllabic/,  in  the  same  way,  becomes  forf,  as  in 
forfeit ;  while  the  enlarging  of  the  rings  of  [cl,  dl,  vl,  wt] 
sh  and  temp  adds  I  with  its  vowel ;  as,  shell,  temple. 

20.  Rings  are  of  two  sizes,  single   and   double.     The 
single  ring  should  be  made  as  small  as  will  be  distinct ;  for, 
if  we  double  the  size  of  an  initial  ring,  we  prefix  un  to  the 
character:    thus,  q  important    becomes  (j    unimportant; 
while,  as  seen  by  the  last  rule,  the  enlarging  of  the  final 
ring  adds  another  letter  to  the  character. 

The  only  exception  to  this  rule  is  p,  whose  ring  if 
doubled  makes  pp,  and  if  trebled  in  size  prp:  see  Chs. 
page  11. 

21.  Initial  un  may  be  expressed  by  a  short  n  before  a 
straight  horizontal  line  or  down-stroke,  and  this  n  is  short- 
ened until  nothing  of  it  remains  but  the  ring,  before  b,  ob, 
op,  fr,  all  up-strokes,  hooks,  crooks,  and  horizontal  curves. 

When  the  next  Ch.  begins  with  a  ring,  we  have  only  to 


STENOGRAPHY.  43 

double  the  size  of  that  ring  ;  and  when  we  have  to  make 
one,  it  must  generally  be  on  the  same  side  of  the  next  Ch. 
as  if  it  had  been  a  long  n. 

The  ring  un  and  super  can  even  go  before  the  initials  ; 
but  for  unen  a  long  n  is  best,  with  the  ring  un  on  the  left 
side  of  the  lower  end. 

To  write  un  before  the  ringed  dis,  merely  change  the 
ring  of  dis  to  the  left  side,  instead  of  enlarging  it. 

22.  For  aver  or  under,  we  draw  a  short  horizontal  mark 
over  or  under  the  next  Ch.in  the  same  or  following  word. 
Thus,  for  overlay  we  put  the  mark  over  the  I,  and  for  under 
a  we  draw.it  under  the  left  end  of  the  a.    See  oner  a,  p.  29; 
moreover,  p.  23.  t 

23.  PREFIXES.    We  may  in  the  beginning  of  words 
write — 

b  for  bene.  m  for  magni*  t    for  trans.* 

c  "  circum.       ml  "  multi.*  a    "    extra, 

h  "  hypo.  o     "  omni.  [x   "  expt]* 

Those  marked  *  stand  above  the  line. 
The  b  for  bene  is  useful  only  before  /,  as,  b-f actor,  bene- 
factor. 

For  circumc,  we  repeat  the  c,  as  in  circumcision  (p.  20), 
and  thus  distinguish  it  from  double  c,  which  is  only  a  larger 
half  circle. 

?4.  The  syllabic  character  He  is  used  for  all  words  be- 
ginning with  He  and  Hea. 

25.  The  short  s  for  super  must  be  written  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  make  the  first  long  character  cross  the  line  ; 
as,  super  with  b  across  the  line  for  superb. 

26.  It  will  occasionally  be  found  plainer  to  separate  a 
sign  from  the  rest  of  the  word,  especially  one  that  has  with 
at  the  beginning  or  of  at  the  end  ;   as,  ^  without,  i/10 
thereof. 

27.  Suffix  sub.     Sometimes,  by  attaching  tub,  we  can 


44  STENOGRAPHY. 

intimate,  without  writing,  that  certain  words,  of  relative  or 
opposite  meanings,  are  read  after  the  one  we  have  just 
finished;  as,  male  sub,  for  male  and  female;  brotJter  sub, 
brother  and  sister  ;  hither  sub,  hither  and  thither  ;  above  sub, 
(tboce  and  below  ;  men  sub  sub,  men,  women,  and  children  :  so, 
Ui\d  and  water  ;  pen  and  ink;  kingdom  of  heaven;  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  p.  25  ;  etc. 

CHARACTERS   SHORTENED   AND   BLENDED. 

When  Chs.  are  joined  together,  they  are  so  blended  that 
the  writing  is  greatly  shortened,  in  ways  easily  remember- 
ed, without  interfering  at  all  with  its  legibility. 

1.  All  words  can  be  written  without  thickening  the  Chs. 

2.  But,  by  thickening  k,  qu,  ch,  and  g,  or  any  long  down- 
stroke  in  a  word  standing  on  the  1  or  2-line,  \ve  add  to  them 
the  sound  of  erd,  and  in  this  way  can  express  four  or  five 
letters  by  one  character :  thus,  6,  c,  to,  thickened,  become 
bird,  curd,  word;  he  becomes  herd  or  heard,  etc.;  and  by 
prefixing  medial  u  to  these  thick  Chs.,  we  change  the  erd 
into  ured,  as  cured,  insured. 

3.  By  thickening  any  other  horizontal  or  any  short  Ch., 
we  add  d  to  it  (see  adoantage,  p.  20) ;  but  this  is  seldom 
done  in  Stenography,  except  in  initial  ind. 

4.  Sd,  st,  and  the  double  8  for  ses  can  be  made  short,  and 
*  and»£  can  often  be  shortened  before  other  letters  ;  but  a 
short  final  s  has  always  the  sound  of  z  :  thus,  we  write  a 
with  short  s  for  as,  and  with  long  s  for  ass. 

5.  S  before  t  becomes  a  mere  crook,  but  in  rbt  is  long. 
0  also  becomes  a  crook  before  m,  ml,  v,  vl.    See  exercises. 

6.  If  we  put  medial  u  over  the  centre  of  con,  it  becomes 
noun  ;  if  over  tho  ring,  it  becomes  cun.    In  the  same  way, 
medial  u  changes  cl,  dl,  fn,  ft-,  into  cul,  did,  fun,  fur, 
the  u  in  fur  having  the  long  sound  of  ?/,  as  infurioit*. 


STENOGRAPHY.  45 

7.  We  add  I  to  e,  ch,  d,  v,  w  \centr},  sh,  spec,  and  temp, 
by  joining  to  them  the  ring  of  I  without  its  stem  ;  the  two 
rings  meeting  in  ih  and  temp  merely  make  the  ring  larger 
for  shl,  tempi.    See  cl,  dl,  tl.  wl,  in  the  alphabet. 

8.  In  the  same  manner,  the  ring  of  m  is  sufficient,  at  the 
•end  of  a  word,  on  the  right  of  I,  p,  cl,  Tl,  or  sh. 

9.  Two  Chs.  running  in  the  same  direction,  often  blend 
or  coalesce  without  confusion,  especially  if  the  first  begins 
and  the  next  ends  with  a  hook,  crook,  or  ring  ;  as  ee,  co,  eu, 
re,  ro,  ru,  ve,  w,  we,  wo,  ye,  yo,  ek,  ke,  ok,  ook,  ou,  ue,  eu,  quo, 
ttio,  hi,  he-i,  amp-l,  comp-l,  empJ,,  imp-l,  etc. 

If  eu  or  tie  do  not  sound  like  u,  but  make  two  syllables, 
as  in  suet,  they  do  not  blend,  but  the  u-dot  must  be  put  at 
the  end  and  not  in  the  curve  of  e. 

10.  We  can  shorten  a  and  i  if  we  wish  to  show  that  the 
vowel  is  short,  or  that  the  next  consonant  is  doubled  ;  as  in 
latter,  litter,  to  distinguish  them  from  later,  lighter  ;  but  as 
the  sense  always  directs  to  the  right  word,  this  distinction 
is  hardly  worth  mentioning. 

11.  As  at  can  be  added  to  any  ring  Ch.  by  changing  the 
ring  to  a  hook,  so,  after  a  ring,  st  can  be  added  to  ng,  by 
turning  the  ng  up  like  a  hook.    See  longest,  page  21. 

12.  It  and  fl  run  with  an  easy-flowing  line,  without  an 
angle,  into/,  y,  n,  g,  r.    For  this  purpose,  in  joining  rf,  the 
stem  of  /  should  be  slightly  bent,  so  as  to  include  both 
letters  in  one  curve,  as  seen  in  therefore,  wherefore,  pages 
32,33. 

NOTES  ON  THE  TERMINATIONS 

A  Termination  is  one  or  more  letters  at  the  ending  of  a 
word. 

We  have  seen  that  a  final  y,  when  there  is  not  a  special 
termination  including  it,  is  expressed  without  writing  it  by 


46  STENOGRAPHY. 

patting  the  previous  character  on  they-line,  and  that  words 
ending  in  ay  do  not  change  their  position,  but  drop  the  y 
because  it  is  silent,  ay  having  the  same  sound  as  a. 

The  liberty  of  omitting  silent  letters  should  be  very 
sparingly  exercised  in  Stenography,  for  we  find  that  the 
silent  vowel  is  often  required  to  give  the  word  its  proper 
sound,  as  the  e  in  bite,  or  to  prevent  us  from  getting  into 
the  habit  of  misspelling  in  common  writing.  On  this  ac- 
count, it  is  better  not  to  omit  the  silent  a  in  season,  sea,  tea, 
etc.  The  obscure  o  in  season  can  be  dropped  with  much  less 
danger  of  forgetting  the  cor/ect  spelling. 

E  in  the  middle  and  end  is  better  to  be  only  about  half  as 
large  as  it  is  in  the  beginning  of  words ;  but  when  it  stands 
alone  or  is  an  initial,  it  should  be  about  the  size  it  is  in  the 
alphabet. 

The  Terminations  in  the  list  or  table,  at  page  12,  all  con- 
sist of  two  or  more  letters,  which  occur  with  such  frequency, 
in  the  same  order,  that  it  becomes  an  object  to  represent 
these  endings  more  briefly  than  by  writing  a  separate  Ch. 
for  every  letter.  Tion  is  an  ending  of  this  sort,  and  in  such 
frequent  use  that  we  have  represented  it  by  the  simplest 
possible  mark — a  dot — and  have  explained  it  fully  in  its 
proper  place. 

Many  of  th«  terminations  are  not  represented  by  new 
Clis.,  but  the  alphabetic  letter  which  is  most  prominent  in 
the  termination  is  merely  modified,  that  is,  it  is  altered  in 
shape,  so  that  it  can  still  be  easily  identified  and  remember- 
ed ;  as,  b  in  bility,  and  I  in  lity  and  lest. 

Most  of  the  terminations  can  be  used  for  the  same  letters 
coming  together  in  the  middle  as  well  as  the  end  of  words, 
acd  those  which  can  be  so  used  have  M,  E,  after  them,  for 
middle  and  end. 

There  is  no  reason  why  the  crook  ch  should  not  have 
been  put  in  the  table  of  terminations,  except  that  the  page 


STENOGRAPHY.  47 

was  full,  and  it  was  thought  beet  to  show  the  middle  and 
final  c7t  directly  after  the  initial. 

Unless  there  are  explanatory  capitals  in  the  table  to 
direct  otherwise,  the  termination  is  to  be  joined  to  the  pre- 
ceding letter  in  the  easiest  and  most  natural  manner. 

When  the  eye  runs  over  the  Chs.  representing  the  ter- 
minations, it  is  seen  that  several  are  alike  in  shape  ;  as  Nos. 
1,  9,  25  ;  2,  26  ;  8,  22,  27  ;  8,  37,  47  ;  and  9,  36,  48,  49  :  but 
the  explanatory  capitals,  at  the  ends  of  the  lines,  show  that 
each  stands  in  a  different  position,  or  is  attached  to  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.  in  a  different  manner  from  those  resembling  it, 
and  thus  becomes  perfectly  distinct  from  every  other. 

It  is  usual,  with  short-hand  authors,  to  make  the  alpha- 
betic letters  serve  for  prefixes  and  affixes  ;  as,  n  for  en  or  in , 
enter  or  inter,  and  to  depend  upon  the  context  to  find  out 
the  signification  ;  but  it  will  be  noticed  that,  without  any 
sacrifice  of  brevity,  we  have  provided  for  these  very  common 
syllables,  sometimes  by  modifying  the  alphabetic  Chs.,  and 
sometimes  by  introducing  new  ones  ;  so  that  the  words  all 
speak  for  themselves,  and  do  not  depend  upon  others  to  en- 
able us  to  distinguish  them.  In  reporting,  these  new  and 
the  modified  Chs.  add  greatly  to  the  perspicuity  of  contrac- 
tions. 

Next  to  tion,  the  most  useful  terminations  are  able,  ing, 
ly,  ous,  now,  with  their  adjuncts:  the  rest,  though  of  minor 
importance,  soon  recommend  themselves  to  the  writer, 
when  he  finds  them  shorter,  neater,  and  more  convenient 
than  single  letters. 

We  will  follow  the  terminations  as  numbered  in  the 
table,  and  give  a  hint  or  caution  as  often  as  it  may  seem 
likely  to  be  of  any  advantage  to  a  beginner. 

No.  1.  Able,  ble,  is  a  horizontal  line  not  more  than  half- 
as  long  as  a.  It  usually  requires  the  next  Ch.  to  be  joined 
to  the  left  end  of  it :  s  and  sh,  however,  are  more  conveni- 


48  STENOGRAPHY. 

ently  joined  to  the  right  end,  as  the  angle  should  never  be 
greater  than  a  right-angle  where  bl  and  s  meet. 

1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  being  terminating  Chs.  that  have  no 
direction  to  the  contrary,  are  joined,  like  other  letters,  to 
the  right  side  of  the  preceding  Ch. 

Ably,  bly.  This  termination  is  the  short  bl  with  a 
quarter-ring  like  a  comma  under  it. 

6.  Aught  is  represented  by  aut. 

7,  8,  9,  10.  For  Session,  cession,  etc.,  the  .short  marks  in 
the  table  are  to  be  joined  to  the  centre  of  the  preceding  Ch., 
to  the  left  side  of  an  up  or  down-stroke,  to  the  upper  side  of 
a  horizontal  Ch. 

14,  15,  16.    These  are  composed  of  /  with  I,  c,  and  t 
joined,  contrary  to  custom,  to  the  left  and  under  part  of  its 
ring ;  and  whenever  the  next  Ch.  is  connected  with  /  in 
this  manner,  the  sound  shen  or  shun  is  implied  between  the 
two  Chs.    Thus,  if  we  join  able  or  d  to  the  under  part  of  the 
ring  of/,  we  tave  fashionable  or  fashioned. 

15.  Fully  is  an  /  with  the  termination  ly  on  the  left  side 
of  the  ring.      When  a  word  ends  with  fill  or  fully,  we  can 
dispense  with  the  /,  and  put  the  dot  or  ly  on  the  left  side,  a 
little  above  or  below  the  preceding  character,  or  in  the  last 
hook,  crook,  or  ring. 

19.  Q-e nee  is  a  short  g,  and  falls  under  a  general  rule  in 
Phonography,  which  requires  the  g  to  be  shortened,  and 
the  first  long  Ch.  to  be  written  across  the  line.     See  No.  56, 
p.  13. 

20,  21.  When  ogrnpJiy  is  joined  to  g  in  geography,  th« 
two  g's  do  not  blend,  as  g's  commonly  do,  but  make  two 
curves.    It  is  on  the  y  line,  because  it  ends  in  y.    The  same 
sign  on  the  line  would  be  graphical  or  oyraphicai. 

22.  This  Ch.  ia  the  same  as  the  initial  in.  It  never 
stands  for  in  at  the  end  of  a  word,  nor  for  ing  at  the  begin- 
ning. As  a  termination,  it  is  not  joined  to  the  preceding 


STENOGRAPHY.  49 

Ch.  for  ing.  If  joined,  it  stands  for  ng  ;  as  in  a<ii<fiig.  By 
completingthebalf-rinfr.it  becomes  ngxt ;  as  in  amongst 
p.  20.  By  tbe  same  changes  in  its  position  and  thicken 
iug  it,  we  may  imply  that  m,  n,  aad  d  are  prefixed  to  in;, 
just  as  they  are  to  shun.  These  changes  and  contractions 
are  convenient  for  reporters,  but  ning  only  should  be  at- 
tempted by  inexperienced  writers. 

i.").  26.  These  marks  are  joined  to  the  centre  of  the  pre- 
ceding Cu.,  on  the  right  side  :  as  the  caps.  JCPR  show. 

27.  This  quarter-ring  forty,  and  with  a  short  8  for  lies. 
is  us»d  only  at  the  end  of  words,  and  stands  under  the  end 
of  the  preceding  character. 

•JS.  Tins  Cu.  for  Ity  or  lity,  is  I  modified  by  moving  the 
ring  to  the  left,  on  the  line,  so  as  not  to  touch  the  down- 
stroke.  It  we  thicken  the  down-stroke,  it  stands  for  Udity  ; 
and  adding  s  to  the  light  Ch.  it  becomes  <V 

In  like  manner,  ty,  or  ity  and  idity,  can  be  added  to  any 
Ch.  with  a  final  ring,  by  moving  th^ir  rings  tt>  the  left  for 
ty  or  it;/,  and  thickening  the  down-stroke  for  dity,  as  in 
pidity,  No.  ?>S.  If  the  ring  Ch.  is  horizontal,  or  the  ring 
ends  on  the  right  side,  it,  is  sufficient  to  divide  the  ring  be- 
fore taking  off  the  pen. 

The  ty  may  be  changed  to  try  by  enlarging  the  ring  so 
as  to  contain  a  little  ring  resting  against  the  middle  of  the 
Ch.  ;  as,  in  sultry. 

30.  This  piece  of  m  is  set  UEP  (i.e.,  under  the  end  of 
preceding  Ch.)  for  final  ment,  and  AP  (after  it)  for  ments. 
Hent,  but  not  ment-i,  can  be  used  as  a  medial  Ch.,  and  is  set 
likeiiort.   Put  over  the  Ch.,  it  becomes  nments. 

31.  The  end  of  ness  points  up,  and  the  end  of  c?i  points 
down.     It  is  joined  like  ch,  and  we  add  a  short  s  drawn 
down,  to  make  nesses,  just  as  we  add  a  short  s  drawn  up 
after  clt,  for 

32.  These  Phonographic  terminations  are  implied  with" 


50  STENOGRAPHY. 

out  writing  them,  by  putting  the  preceding  Chs.,  or  first 
long  Ch.  in  the  word,  under  the  line. 

33.  This  is  o  and  k  blended,  and  may  stand  for  ock  ;  in 
ook,  the  ring  of  the  o  must  be  enlarged. 

34.  35.  The  ends  of  these   hooks  should  be  long,  and 
point  to  the  left. 

36.  This  short  t  for  out  can  only  begin  and  end  words 
in  which  out  makes  a  whole  syllable.  It  is  joined  to  the 
beginning,  but  disjoined  at  the  end,  and  stands  close  under 
the  line. 

36.  The  short  pi  is  used  with  s  for  the  ending  pies. 

43/43.  The  s  in  self&nd  selves  may  generally  be  omitted, 
and  the  dot  put  over  the  preceding  Ch.  for  self,  and  at  the 
centre  on  the  left  side  for  selves. 

44.  For  ship,  the  beginning  of  p  is  joined  on  the  right 
side  to  the  centre  of  the  last  down-stroke.    By  adding  short 
rs  to  it,  it  becomes  shippers. 

45.  Ther  ia  implied  when  we    drop  the  termination, 
shorten  all  the  preceding  Chs.,  and  write  the  word  juat 
under  or  across  the  #-line. 

46,47.  THE  TERMINATION  TION  OR  SHUN. 

1.  A  dot  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  character,  on  the  right 
side,  stands  for  tion,  sion,  and  every  other  terminatien  that 
has  the  sound  of  shun  ;  under  the  preceding  Ch.,  it  stands 
for  ution  or  tution  ;  over  an  up-stroke,  or  over  the  end  of  a 
horizontal,  for  ention ;  and  after,  or  over  the  middle,  for 
emtion.  The  changing  of  the  dot  to  a  quarter-ring  (or 
curve,  like  the  first  pi)  adds  s,  and  makes  the  plural  shuns. 

NOTB.  The  learner  will  observe  that  m  and  »  are  prefixed  to  shun  by 
changing  the  position  of  the  dot.  In  the  same  way  m  and  n  may  be 
prefixed  to  ing  and  mtnt,  by  changing  the  position  of  those  termina- 
tions. 

2.  If  we  put  the  dot  before  the  last  Ch.  at  the  middle  of 


STENOGRAPHY.  51 

an  up-stroke,  or  on  the  left  side  on  a  line  with  the  foot  of  a 
down-stroke,  we  read  shun  with  a  short  a  or  e  before  the  Ch., 
or  before  the  last  consonant  if  the  dot  stands  before  a  double 
Ch. ;  as,  dot  I  for  tional. 

3.  Before  a  modified  Ch.,  like  lity,  we  put  the  dot  before 
the  middle  of  the  Ch.,  and  read  the  tion  with  a  short  a  be- 
fore the  termination  :  thus,  lity,  with  a  dot  before  the  middle 
of  the  I,  becomes  tionality. 

4.  The  contractions  given  above  may  content  the  Steno- 
grapher ;  but  the  Reporter  will  find  it  convenient  to  go  far- 
ther, and  use  a  heavy  dot  for  dtion  ;  so  that  his  shun  table 
will  be  as  follows: 

A  dot  will  stand if  light if  heavy 

On  the  right,  at  the  end  for  tion  ;  dtion. 

Under  the  end,  "    uiion,  ttion ;     dution. 

At  the  middle,  on  the  right,") 
.  if  an  up  or  down-stroke,  I     "    mtion ;  mndtion. 

or  over  the  middle  of  a  [     "    mntion. 

horizontal. 
Over  the  end  of  an  up-stroke  ~| 

or  horizontal,  or  on  the!     „        .  -,»*,•/,,, 

right  at  the  top  of  a  down-  \         '"llon>  ndtwn' 

stroke.  j 

5.  When  there  is  no  m  or  n  before  dtion,  we  may  express 
the  d  by  modifying  the  preceding  Ch.,  instead  of  using  the 
heavy  dot.      A  shun  dot  can  never  be  put  before,  but  may 
be  put  after  a  short  Ch.      Then  the  dot  for  (mtion  would 
stand  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  short  Ch.,  and  higher  for 
ntioti, 

NOTK.    The  learner  will  find  numerous  examples  of  the  foregoing 
rulos  in  the  Exercises. 

48.  The  short  disjoined  t  is  put  under  the  end  of  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.  for  tine,  and  the  long  t  for  ticity. 

49.  The  short  t  for  truct  always  follows  a  long  s,  and 
makes  the  syllabic  Ch.  strut  or  struct ;  we  thicken  the  t  ia 


S3  STENOGRAPHY. 

strutted,  as  is  done  for  ted  in  the  alphabet.  It  may  be 
noticed  that,  at  page  11,  the  termination  tude  stands  oppo- 
site to  ted,  to  show  that  the  same  td  is  the  best  contraction 
we  can  make  for  tude  when  we  do  not  choose  to  write  it  in 
full. 

50,  51.  The  w  and  s  should  be  the  same  length  inwards, 
and  the  w  should  have  a  dot  under  it,  or  be  thickened. 

52.  We  can  add  est  to  a  ring  letter  by  changing  the  ring 
to  a  small  hook,  and  ster  by  enlarging  the  ring  without 
-closing  it ;  as,  later,  inster,  nster.    See  page  11. 

53.  In  the  middle  of  words,  rings  and  loops  are  all  the 
same,  and  we  make  whichever  happens  to  join  most  easily, 
but  if  we  change  an  initial  or  final  ring  to  a  loop,  we  add  dto 
that  Ch.    This  contraction,  though  useful  in  Phonography, 
is  not  so  plain  as  writing  d ;  but  may  safely  be  used  in 
Stenography  for  ed,  when  the  context  of  itself  would  lead 
us  to  add  the  ed,  even  if  we  did  not  see  it  written  ;  as,  He 
has  turned. 

54.  55,  56.  [These,  excepting  cent  and  gent  before  given, 
are  used  only  in  Phonography.]      To  these  we  may  add  ch 
for  Chester,  and  a  large  g,  that  is,  gg,  for  gogue. 

MISCELLANEOUS    REMARKS. 

1.  Capitals  have  Chs.  in  no  way  different  from  the  small 
letters.    \\  hen  we  wish  to  mark  the  occurrence  of  one,  we 
put  two  short  horizontal  marks,  close  together,  under  the 
Ch.     To  show  that  a  word  is  in  capitals,  we  draw  under  it 
3  lines  for  large,  and  2  for  small  capitals.     A  wave-line 
under  a  letter,  and  a  straight  line  under  a  word,  will  show 
them  to  be  in  italics. 

2.  The  smaller  the  rings  and  ends  of  the  crooks,  the 
more  neatly  and  speedily  the  Chs.  can  bo  formed.    When  e 
ollows  n,  the  n  should  be  inclined  a  good  deal,  or  its  ring 
will  be  out  of  proportion.    The  fault  of  beginners  generally 


STENOGRAPHY.  58 

is  that  they  do  not  slope  the  inclined  Chs.  enough,  and  in- 
cline those  that  ought  to  stand  upright. 

3.  READING.    If  an  inexperienced  reader  is  at  a  loss  to 
know  where  one  Ch.  ends  and  the  next  begins,  he  must  pro- 
ceed as  in  common  writing,  and  go  as  far  as  possible  to  make 
up  the  first  letter.  It  would  not  do  in  long-hand  to  separate 
the  o  from  the  rest  of  a,  d,  or  g,  nor  the  first  part  of  TO  or  w 
from  the  last ;  so  in  short-hand  the  line  and  ring  or  other 
parts  must  go  together  whenever  they  can  be  united  to  form 
one  character. 

4.  Until  you  become  familiar  with  the  Chs.,  you  may, 
in  any  word  in  which  you  think  there  can  be  any  doubt, 
where  two  Chs.  meet,  mark  the  point  by  drawing  a  short 
vertical  or  horizontal  line  across  them,  making  its  ends  of 
equal  length  on  both  sides.    The  eame  mark  is  drawn  across 
t  to  blend  or  shorten  ai ;  as,  ^-C  hair.  * 

5.  WHITING  FROM  DICTATION.  The  reader  should  first 
pronounce  the  word  distinctly.  If  there  is  in  it  a  syllable 
represented  by  a  syllabic  Ch.,  he  should  name,  and  not 
epell,  that  syllable ;  and  when  the  letters  are  to  be  repre- 
sented by  a  double  Ch.,  they  should  be  named  in  rapid  suc- 
cession, and  a  distinct  pause  should  be  made  at  the  end  of 
every  Ch.,  whether  single,  double,  or  syllabic ;  as  >/!  in- 
itruc-tive  ;  *-/*  con-structed  ;  \A  de-struc-tion.  If  it  is  a 
sign  as,  '„.  temptation  ;  after  pronouncing  it,  he  says,  "  Sign 
temp-shun."  If  it  is  not  ou  the  main  line,  as  company,  he 
says,  "  Sign  comp  on  the  y-line,"  or  as  the  case  may  be. 

5.  Examples  are  better  than  oral  teaching,   and   the 
learner  will  find  that,  though  the  explanations  may  often- 
times seem  intricate,  the  things  themselves  are  very  simple 
as  soon  as  he  examines  the  illustrations. 

6.  As  the  Stenographer  inserts  every  letter  that  is  neces- 
sary to  prevent  the  slightest  hesitation  in   reading,  he 
cannot  go  forward  at  the  railway  speed  he  may  attain  by 


54 


STENOGRAPHY. 


adopting  tbe  abbreviations  supplied  by  the  following 

Phonography.  Com- 
paring his  progress, 
however,  with  that 
of  those  \rho  write 
only  long-hand,  it  is 
not  unlike  that  of  a 
man.travelling  along 

at  his  ease,  drawn  by  a  good  roadster  ;  while  theirs  is  that 

of  helpless  pedestrians,  who  must  spend  many  more  hour? 

in  laboriously  performing  the  same  journey. 


PART  II. 

PHONOGRAPHY;   OR,  VERBATIM   REPORTING. 

WE  have  evidence  that  the  Jews  had  carried  rapid  writ- 
ing to  a  high  degree  of  perfection  at  a  very  early  period  of 
their  history.  In  the  words,  "My  tongue  is  the  pen  of  a 
ready  writer,"  the  Psalmist  plainly  intimates  that  the 
scribes  of  his  day  could  write  words  as  rapidly  as  they 
could  be  uttered  by  the  tongue.  The  following  transla- 
tion of  some  lines  from  the  poet  Ausonius,  in  praise  of  an 
expert  writer  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Gratian,  confirms 
the  quotation  given  in  the  preface,  from  Martial's  Epi- 
grams, with  regard  to  the  dexterity  of  the  Roman  notaries: 

'•  0  wondrous  art !  though  from  my  lips 

The  words  like  pattering  hailstones  fall, 
Thine  ear  hath  caught  them  every  one, 
Thy  nimble  pen  portrayed  them  all. 

"My  words  no  sooner  are  pronounced 

Than  on  thy  tablets  they  appear; 
My  mind  cannot  keep  equal  pace 
With  thy  light  fingers'  swift  career."— Gouraud. 

No  reporter  of  modern  times  can  do  more,  as  reapecta 
rapid  writing,  than  these  extracts  show  was  done  by  the 
ancient  Hebrew  and  Roman  scribes. 


56  PHONOGRAPHY. 

A  Phonetic  Alphabet,  by  which  all  the  simple  articulate 
sounds  of  the  human  voice  (which  are  less  than  a  hundred) 
could  be  unmistakably  expressed,  might  be  invented  ;  and, 
if  it  were  universally  adopted,  would  be  one  of  the  most 
useful  applications  of  writing  ever  given  to  the  world. 
But  it  is  an  imposition  for  any  author  to  lead  his  readers 
to  suppose  that  he  has  invented  Chs.  so  short,  plain,  and 
simple,  that  words  can  be  written  as  rapidly  as  uttered  and 
properly  pronounced,  by  persons  ignorant  of  the  speaker's 
language.  If,  therefore,  by  Phonography  we  understand 
the  art  of  expressing  the  sounds  of  a  language  by  Chs., 
each  of  which  always  represents  the  same  elementary 
sound,  it  becomes  evident,  the  moment  we  examine  any 
modern  system  of  shorthand  used  for  reporting,  that  it  has 
no  claim  whatever  to  the  title  of  phonography.  It  has 
been  shown  in  the  preface,  p.  x.,  that,  in  one  of  the  latest 
systems,  the  same  Chs.  not  only  represent  many  words 
very  dissimilar  in  sound,  but  that  the  sign  oftentimes  has 
not  the  slightest  approximation  to  the  sound  of  the  word 
it  represents.  In  fact,  the  reporting  style  of  all  the  so-called 
phonetic  systems  gives  quite  as  little  help  towards  the  true 
pronunciation  of  many  of  the  signs,  as  is  given  in  Wiliiain's 
Stenography  (a  handsome  octavo  published  in  1826),  which 
contains  some  two  hundred  columns  of  words,  each  repre- 
sented by  one  or  two  initial  letters,  with  some  other  letter 
chosen  at  random  and  not  at  all  contained  in  the  word 
itself. 

This  system  introduces  the  phonetic  principle  only  when 
it  contributes  to  shorten  the  writing ;  as,  laffor  laugh. 

In  the  Stenography,  I  have  preferred  a  plainly  legible 
style  to  one  for  writing  as  many  words  as  possible  in  a 
limited  time.  All  who  have  learned  that  fuller  and,  as 
compared  with  common  writing,  very  expeditious  method, 
are  able  to  read,  not  only  their  own  manuscript,  but  that  of 


PHONOGRAPHY.  57 

any  correspondent  who  writes  it  with  tolerable  accuracy, 
more  easily  than  if  it  were  long-hand.  If  the  student,  there- 
fore, learns  only  the  Stenography,  he  will  be  amply  com- 
pensated for  his  pains,  and  indeed  will  have  acquired  that 
part  which  is  of  the  most  practical  use  in  the  everyday 
business  of  life. 

But  if  he  is  ambitious  to  acquire  the  art  of  making  a 
verbatim  report  of  speeches,  lectures,  sermons,  and  debates, 
he  must  learn  what  we,  for  convenience,  term  Phonogra- 
phy ;  or  he  may  begin  it  as  soon  as  he  has  learnt  from 
Stenography  how  the  Chs.  of  the  alphabet  and  terminations 
are  joined  together  ;  for  the  Chs.  are  the  same  in  both,  and 
he  who  knows  so  much  of  Stenography  can  acquire  the 
Phonography  with  comparatively  little  labor. 

It  is  true  the  writing  will  not  be  as  plain  as  Steno- 
graphy, and  will  require  more  practice  to  read  it  as  readily ; 
but  it  contains  more  elements  of  legibility  than  reporting 
hands  usually  do,  and  is  more  readable  than  any  of  those 
which  omit  the  initial  and  final  vowels. 

It  is  sufficient,  when  the  utmost  despatch  is  required,  as 
in  following  a  speaker,  to  be  able  to  make  out  with  cer- 
tainty what  we  commit  to  paper  so  hastily,  and  it  is  sur- 
prising how  soon  one  learns  to  read  words  if  only  the  ini- 
tial and  final  vowels  are  given  with  the  consonants. 

Phoneticians  systematically  misspell  words  according  to 
their  sound,  as  ahur  and  slmger,  for  sure  and  sugar;  and 
substitute  k  and  s  for  the  hard  and  soft  sounds  of  c  /  often 
t  for  'I,  etc.  If  any  one  really  prefers  such  spelling,  he  can 
use  it  in  this  system,  whereas  in  theirs  it  is  the  only 
method  ;  for  most  of  them  have  no  Ch.  for  c,  and  are  com- 
pelled to  write  k  or  s  for  c  ;  in  many  instances,  v  for/,  g 
forj,  t  for  d.f  for ph,  s  for  z,  k  for  qu  and  hard  di, — a  habir, 
dangerous  for  those  who  wish  to  remember  the  true  ortho- 
graphy in  ordinary  writing. 


RULES  FOR  WRITING  PHONOGRAPHY 

1.  Write  words  with  only  the  vowels  and  consonants 
heard  in  .pronouncing  them  ;  and  drop  every  middle  vowel, 
as  well  as  every  one  which  is  not  distinctly  sounded  at  the 
end,  unless  it  is  included  in  a  syllabic  Ch.  or  termination. 
When  the  vowels  flow  so  smoothly  into  the   consons.nts 
that  we  can  write  them  without  losing  time,  a  distrustful 
writer  is  at  liberty  to  insert  them  in  any  doubtful  word  to 
make  it  more  readable ;  as,  i  in  riyht  or  height,  and  o  in 
thought  or  quote.    When  a  vowel  is  heard  at  the  beginning 
or  end,  it  must  generally  be  written,  except  in  ex. 

2.  The  letters,  Chs.,  and  words  contained  in  [   ]  brackets, 
as  also  the  Supplementary  Chs.  at  the  foot  of  p.  11,  now 
come  into  common  use. 

NOTE.  The  consonants  in  [  ],  in  p.  11,  are  those  the  Ch.  stands  for 
in  Stenography,  and  the  Ch.  represents  them  whenever  we  find  them 
following  one  another  in  the  same  order,  whatever  may  be  the  inter- 
vening vowels.  In  reading,  we  shall  find  that  the  eame  rowels  which 
belong  to  the  Ch.  in  Stenography  will  frequently  give  us  the  right 
word.  Thus,  comp  becomes  cmp,  and  may,  therefore,  stand  for  camp  ; 
but  in  more  than  9  cases  out  of  10,  comp  will  be  the  only  syllable  that 
will  make  sense  with  the  context. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  59 

3.  That  there  may  be  no  mistake,  we  here  take  from  p. 
10,  etc.,  the  syllables  represented  by  syllabic  Chs.,  in  which 
the  vowels  can  be  dropped.  Amp  becomes  in  the  after 
part  of  words  mp  with  any  vowel  before  it ;  Cent  becomes 
c n t ;  Com, cm;  Comb,  cmb ;  Comp,  c mp ;  Con,  en ;  Coun- 
ter, c  ntr  [Ctd  is  used  only  in  the  end  of  words;  Dct  in  all 
positions,  and  also  for  final  dctd];  Dis  or  des,  ds;  Inter, 
when  the  Ch.  crosses  the  line,  is  initial  entr  or  intr ;  but 
when  it  stands  on  the  line,  it  drops  the  vowel,  and  becomes 
initial  n  t  r ;  Ngl  is  the  same  as  angl,  only  when  ngl  begins 
a  word  it  must  stand  on  the  line ;  Pp  may  have  its  ring 
enlarged  and  be  used  for  p  r  p  ;  Recon,  r  c  n  ;  Rest,  r  st ; 
Ramp,  r  mp;  Spec  or  spect,  sp  c  or  sp  ct ;  Sted,  8  td;  Struc 
or  struct,  str  c  or  str  ct ;  Sub,  8  b  ;  Super,  s  p  r,  which  re- 
quires the  word  to  be  so  placed  that  the  first  long  Ch.  will 
cross  the  line ;  Ted,  t  d  (which  now  stands  at  the  end  of 
words  for  t  d  and  1 1  d),  requires  s,  whether  before  or  after 
it,  to  be  short ;  Temp,  t  mp.  The  Supplemental  Chs.  are 
read,  though  not  written,  with  intervening  vowels. 

4.  When  two  letters  of  the  same  name  meet,  write  but 
one ;  as,  ms  for  mess  ;  se,  see  ;  btr,  better  ;  er,  err. 

5.  But  when  two  consonants  of  the  same  name  have  one 
or  more  vowels  between  them,  write  both  consonants,  as 
nn  for  nun  or  none;  err  for  error. 

6.  The  consonants  that  are  silent  or  not  heard  very  dis- 
tinctly   are   omitted ;  as,  c  before  k  in  sick ;  p  and  I  in 
psalm;  w  in  write.    H,  even  when  sounded,  is  rarely  neces- 
sary in  the  after-part  of  words,  unless  it  belongs  to  a  double 
character. 

7.  (1.)  Dm&j  be  added  to  any  initial  and  final  ring  Ch.,  by 
changing  the  ring  to  a  loop,  and  another  d  may  be  added 
by  thickening  the  end  of  that  loop  ;  see  >u?(J.  Xo.  53,  p.  13. 

(2.)  Thickening  A',  q,  ch,  and  y,  or  any  long  down-stroke 
standing  ou  the  1  or  2  line,  adds  rd  or  rt — rd  if  we  thicken 


60  PHONOGRAPHY. 

the  end,  rt  if  we  thicken  the  beginning—  rd  or  rt  if  we 
thicken  the  whole  or  the  middle  of  the  Ch. 

(3.)  The  thickening  of  a  short  or  horizontal  Ch.  adds  d  to 
it  in  all  positions.  We  must  except  k,  q,  and  the  hori/on- 
tal  ch,  which  belong  to  the  previous  rule.  In  the  termina- 
tions tfon  and  ing,  the  d  is  put  before  the  tion  and  ing,  BO 
that,  when  thickened,  they  become  dtion  and  ding. 

(4.)  The  thickening  of  a  long  down-stroke,  not  standing 
on  the  1  or  2  line,  adds  only  d  to  it. 

(5.)  In  modified  Cbs.  like  m^m  or  lity,  if  we  thicken  the 
Ch.  we  must  read  the  rt  or  rd  immediately  after  the  first 
letter,  as  mrtm  for  maritime,  Idty  for  lidity. 

NOTB.  If  any  one  is  dissatisfied  with  the  abbreviations  made  by 
this  or  any  other  rule,  he  can  write  the  words  as  in  Stenography, 
only  leaving  out  the  middle  vowels. 

8.  Nt  is  added  to  any  short  or  shortened  Ch.  whenever 
it  is  required  to  complete  the  sense. 

9.  In  a  short  or  shortened  Ch.,  written  across  or  »nder 
the  line,  nee  or  nts  is  added  whenever  it  is  required  to  com- 
plete the  sense :  thus,  by  shortening   he   and  writing  it 
under  the  line,  it  becomes  hence. 

10.  As  it  is  sufficient  to  put  the  dot  for  full  in  the  last 
hook  or  ring,  so  we  can  put  it  in  the  crook  of  nt«s  for  fvl- 
nt9*,  as   ..3 

11.  If  another  Ch.  is  added  to  the  arbitrary  °  of,  it  is  so 
joined  as  not  to  look  like  a  ring  Ch.,  as  in  some  signs,  j>. 
29 :  it  is,  however,  almost  as  easy  to  write  o  and  /.     For 
speed,  we  may  sometimes  write  fr  for  phr,  and/  for  ph. 

12.  When  ;•  follows  short  re  in  the  after-part  of  a  word, 
they  make  an  angle  in  joining  ;  but  the  angle  is  not  neces- 
sary in  beginning  a  word,  as  the  line  shows  where  they 
unite ;  as,  rt?r*  (7  for  rivers. 

13.  It  is  often  an  object  with  a  Phonographer  not  to  loe« 


PHONOGRAPHY.  til 

even  the  time  required  for  making  a  dot  ;  we  therefore 
omit  the  dot  in  k,  qu,  and  u  :  the  e  and  it  should  be  quite 
small,  80  as  not  to  spread  more  than  half  as  much  as  k  and 
qu.  The  u  retains  the  dot  in  the  signs  vfion  and  unto. 

14.  Of  between  words  can  be  implied  by  putting  the  last 
close  to  the  first.     We  may  sometimes  lap  one  over  the 
other,  as,  in  the  phrase  some  of  tJtem,  the  m  may  stand  under 
the «.  • 

15.  When  the  intermediate   vowels   are    dropped,   the 
same  consonants  will  not  ^infrequently  come  together  and 
represent  different  words  :  but  the  sense  of  the  passage  will 
enable  the  reader,  with  such  help,  to  select  the  right  word, 
and  not  only  so,  but  one  letter  or  syllable  will  often  be  suf- 
ficient to  suggest  the  word;  or  he  may  even   altogether 
omit  words  in  well-known  phrases  and  sentences.     It  may 
seem  to  a  novice  impossible  for  any  one  to  make  out  manu- 
script written  agreeably  to  all  the,  rules  for  Reporting,  but 
every  art  and  science  seems  difficult  until  practice  makes 
it  easy  ;  and  those  who  adopt  the  most  abbreviated  style  of 
Phonography,  in  time  read  it   with   a  facility  surprising 
even  to  adepts  in'  Stenography. 

16.  The  Terminations  have  been  explained  under  the 
head  of  "Notes  on  the  Terminations;"  and  observe,  that 
those  which  in  the  table  have  no  [   ]  brackets,  never  change 
their  vowels:  thus,  the  Ch.  ous,  p.  13,  No.  34.  which  stands 
also  for  ahux,  can  only  be  used  when  the  word  really  ends 
in  ous ;  as,  ar  shns,  gracious. 

17.  When  the  table  gives  no  syllabic   termination  to 
shorten  a  word  ending  in  y,  that  word  must  be  written  on 
the  y-line. 

18.  S  joined  to  short  thick  ted  (which  now  stands  for  td, 
and  in  the  aft.er-part  of  words  for  ttd)  is  always  short ;  as 
in  tied  for  stead,  stayed;  or  sttd   *  for  stated,  situated;  but « 
must  be  always  long  before  t  in  strnrt  and  strutted. 


62  PHONOGRAPHY. 

19.  S  is  long  in  ay,  and  short  in  ies,  ise  ;  and  all  words 
with  these  endings  are  written  on  the  y-line. 

20.  If  we  write  short  s  and  t  in  words  beginning  with 
those  consonants,  long  s  and  t   will   signify   that  the  ini- 
tial vowel  a  or  e  is  dropped,  as,  ss  n,  for  assassin.     It  is  bet- 
ter, however,  not  to  use  the  initial  short  s  in   words  below 
the  line,  as  it  would  there  interfere  with  super. 

21.  If  we  drop  ngr,  etc.,  p.  13,  No.  32,  and  put  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.  under  the  line,  we  must  recollect  that  s  is  not 
shortened  before  a  termination  but  when  it  is  the  last  con- 
sonant in  a  word  ;  therefore,  if  we  write  ms  under  the  line 
for  messenger,  s  will  be  long,  and  if  we  add  s  for  messen- 
gers, the  last  s  will  be  short.   This  is  a  rule  of  very  wide  ap- 
plication, enabling  us  to  express  by  one  Ch.  a  large  num- 
ber of  words  consisting  of  many  letters ;  as  anger,  danger, 
ginger,  hunger,  linger,  manger,  ranger,  singer,  vinegar, 
changer,  etc. 

22.  Short  rat  like  rest  (p.  13,  No.  39)  is  only  the  begin- 
ning of  long  rest,  and  is  joined  in  the  same  way  by  drawing 
it  towards  the  left ;  as,  brstr   ~Jf  for  barrister. 

23.  When  ness  or  ly  follows  tive,  the  ness  or  ly  should 
be  joined  to  the  tive.    See  tively  after  tongue,  p.  32. 


INSERTION    OF    DISCONNECTED    VOWELS. 


Those  systems  which  have  no  connecting  vowels,  en- 
deavor to  supply  the  want  of  them  by  various  contrivances, 
of  which  the  simplest,  though  not  the  most  helpful  to  the 
reader,  is  the  putting  of  a  dot  or  comma  wherever  a  vowel 
or  diphthong  is  required.  Others  provide  a  distinct  mark 
for  the  sound  of  each  vowel  ;  and,  though  we  have  no  occa- 
sion for  such  a  method,  we  will  here  give  similar  marks, 
which  will  enable  any  one  to  transform  our  Phonographic 
notes  into  a  hand  very  like  that  which,  in  Pitman's  Pho- 
nography, is  called  The  Corresponding  Style. 

They  are  not  of  much  value  in  our  system  ;  still,  as  the 
dropping  of  the  middle  vowels  in  the  hurry  of  Reporting 
will  now  and  then  leave  a  word  doubtful,  we  may  at  our 
leisure  here  and  there  supply  the  place  of  a  missing  vowel 
with  one  of  these  marks,  in  notes  which  are  intended  to  be 
laid  aside  for  perusal,  when  perhaps,  the  subject  will  have 
been  forgotten.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  write  the  easier 
form  of  each  vowel,  as  in  the  first  line,  unless  in  some  rare 
word  we  wish  to  show  the  exact  sound.  They  are  inserted 
like  medial  '/. 


64  PHONOGRAPHY. 

Very  little  use,  we  imagine,  will  be  made  of  these  vowel- 
marks,  but  they  will  serve  as  an  example  of  the  only  man- 
ner in  which  the  whole  vowel  notation  of  some  systems  ia 
expressed. 

The  marks  sound  like  the  vowels  in  the  words  under 
them. 

a     e     i     o     ii     oc    oi.'  ou.     lia      a.    A 
THIN  -      r»      i      o       .       w»     v      /  t.        ^-     -r 

b<rt,  bet.  bit,  bot,  "bid,  foot,  oil,  oul,  assaage^-oA,  alL 

a        e         i         o         u      oo 
THICK.        _        <%          I         O         •     •-  \» 
mate   mfto,  rmte,  mote,  male.  fool. 

NOTE.  In  a  double  or  syllabic  Ch.,  the  dot  or  mark  is  pat  at  the 
centre  on  the  left  without  touching  the  Ch.  A  vowel  between  two 
Chs.  must  have  its  mark  at  the  top  of  the  first  Ch.  if  they  are  joined  at 
the  top,  and  at  the  foot  if  joined  at  the  foot.  When  the  vowel  is  at 
the  head,  it  i*  better  to  put  the  mark!*  on  the  left  than  directly  over  it. 

In  pointing:,  that  mark  is  affixed  which  best  expresses 
the  sound ;  as,  ft  sought.  If  two  vowels  come  together, 
they  are  put  side  by  side  ;  as,  Ni  defiant.  Write  '-p*  hitrh. 

HOW    TO    READ    REPORTING    HAND. 

In  case  of  doubt,  e  or  some  other  vowel  is  inserted  be- 
tween the  consonants,  and  the  syllables  are  then  pronoun 
ced  distinctly  ;  thus,  for  terror,  written  frr,  we  read  terer  ;  and 
this,  with  the  sense  of  the  passage,  will  always,  alter  a  little 
practice,  direct  us  to  the  right  word. 

When  a  contracted  Ch.  blends  with  that  before  it,  the 
last  is  the  shortened  one,  and  must  be  read  accordingly  ; 
as,  ^v  pronounce,  ^  iiisuigents,  both  of  these  words 
being  written  across  the  line. 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


PHRASE  WRITING. 


65 


To  prevent  loss  of  time  by  raising  the  pencil  from  the 
paper,  the  Reporter  may  unite  two,  three,  or  four  short 
words  or  signs,  whenever  they  will  join  neatly  with- 
out running  too  far  away  from  the  line  or  confusing  the 
reader.  In  doing  this,  the  last  word  that  is  not  on  line 
2,  must  keep  its  place ;  and  if  any  of  them  belong  on 
line  2,  they  can  be  moved,  if  necessary,  to  enable  those 
not  on  it  to  preserve  their  proper  position.  If  all  are  on 
the  line,  they  stand  just  as  if  they  were  one  word.  Thus, 
the  last  Ch.  in  by  thy  stands  on  the  y-line.  In  ^,  as  they 
Tiate  not,  the  Chs.  stand  as  if  all  one  word. 

1.  Shorten  have  to  Jiave  not  only  after  e,  i,  o,  u,  y,  that 
it  may  not  interfere  with  able.    The  signs  he  and  1  turn 
either  way  in  phrases. 

2.  Drop  the  in  the  middle  of  phrases ;  as,  in-last  place. 

3.  A  word  immediately  repeated  is  expressed  by  repeat- 
ing the  separated  termination  ;  as,    •— -  Jioly,  holy,  lioly. 

4.  If  we  shorten  sub,  we  read  or  for  and  ;  as,  ~^/1  more 
or  less. 

5.  Short  to  stands  alone  or  begins  a  word  or  phrase. 

NOTB.  See  exercises  for  farther  examples. 


66 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


CONCLUDING  REMARKS. 

The  instructions  and  rules  for  writing  both  the  Corre 
spending  and  Reporting  Hands  have  been  made  thus  full 
in  order  that  any  one  taking  up  the  work  may  be  able  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  this  useful  art  without  being 
obliged  to  have  recourse  to  a  teacher.  A  few  exercises  have 
been  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  showing  in  a  practical 
way  how  the  various  characters  and  terminations  are  most 
conveniently  joined.  By  copying  these  exercises  a  few 
times,  the  student  will  become  acquainted  with  the  con- 
tractions and  the  mode  of  abbreviating  much  more  readily 
than  in  any  other  way.  After  he  has  mastered  these  he 
will  find  no  difficulty  whatever  in  writing  anything  ha 
may  be  disposed  to  attempt. 


EXERCISES 

IK 

STENOGRAPHY  AXD  PHONOGRAPHY ; 

WITH 

EXAMPLES   AXD   KEY. 


Alfre  jlainmam. 


KEY 


The  key  to  the  exercises  of  the  different  plates  is  here 
given.  Observe  that  the  vowels  printed  in  italics  are  not 
written,  being  implied  in  the  sound  of  the  consonants.  A 
few  of  the  medial  U'B  have  been  omitted  by  the  engraver. 
The  student  will  readily  see  from  other  worde  how  they 
are  written  in  those  which  require  them. 

PLATE  I. — STENOGRAPHY. 

1.  Ass,  as,  ye,  say,  we,  see,    si,    so,    sue,   sour, 
s  ough  t,  s  ee  d,  at  e. 

2.  Hat,   has,  he  a  t,   hot,   hole,   hone,  lane, 
mine,  moan,   gr  o  a  n. 

3.  R  i  s  ing,   c  e  a  s  ing,   d  a  r  ing,    fr  ee  ing,    g  o  ing, 
hea  r  ing,  he  mm  ing,  hea  1  ing,  ha  s  t  ing,  hea  t  ing. 

4.  H  igh  ly,  d  e  a  r  ly,  m  e  a  n  ly,  p  oo  r  ly,  s  qu  a  r  e  1  y, 
qu  i  e  t  ly,  qu  i  t  e,  t  r  u  ly. 

5.  T  able,  1  abel,  en  able,  B  i  ble,  d  ou  ble,  t  r  ou  ble, 
f  ee  ble,  p  r  o  b  able,  n  o  ble,  s  igh  t  ly. 

6.  B  e  n  d  R,  t«  n,  m  en,  m  a  n,  w  i  n,   wine,  won, 
wear  ing,  worm  ing,  b  iting. 


,     KEY   TO    EXAMPLES. 

7.  Amp  ly,  emp  ire,  imp  ou  n  d,  imp  oat,  imp  u  r  e, 
imp  o  s<?  d,  hamp  er,  simp  \e,  comp  e\,  con  temp  t,  a  ttemp  t, 
\  amp. 

8.  Amb  e  r,    emb  r  o  i  de  r,    imb  r  ue,    comb  i  n  ed, 
coinp  a  re,  comp  ou  n  ded,  comp  1  ai  n,  comp  u  te. 

9.  Comp  u  ted,    amp  u  t  a  te,    t  able,    comp  u  ted, 
imp  u  ted,    r  e  p  u  ted,     bel  fr  ey,     bl  a  n  d,    ble  n  d, 
bl  a  m  e.  them,  bl  o  t. 

10.  Ch  ee  r,  ch  e  r  i  ah,  r  i  cb,  a  u  ch,  a  cb,  e,  a  n  a  t  ch. 
t  ou  cb  ing,  wretch  ed. 

11.  Countermanded,    counter  p  o  i  a  e,    countersink, 
en  counter,  en  counter  ed,  dea  ire,  dia  1  i  ke,  clay. 

12.  Cl  o  y,  cl  o  t,  clot  ted,  cl  e  a  n,  cl  e  a  r,  cl  en,  n  a  ing, 
cl  o  th  ing,  cl  imb  ing,  coals. 

PLATE  II.— STENOGRAPHY. 

1.  Comui  o  tiona,  del  union,  comp  en  aa  tion,  eonati  tu- 
tion,  consti  tution  al,  un  conati  tu  tion  al,  rea  «rv  a  tion. 
e  mul  a  tion. 

3.  Expectation?,  fruition,    undulation,    addle,    r  e- 
1  a  tion,    un  p  r  o  feaaional,     comp  1  ection,     e  1  ec  tionp. 

:!.  Unable,  undone,  unknown,  un  a  een.  unbind, 
un  i  n  aured  or  un  in  aured,  un  de  n  i  ably. 

4.  Undes  i  r  able,    un  t  aught,    un  a  o  1  d,    un  a  ee  n, 
un  a  ough  t.    un  objec  tion  able,   objec  tions,    object,    allu  - 
aion. 

•">.  Un  comp  1  a  i  uing,  w  inged,  s  ions,  un  aub  du«d, 
nn  substantial,  un  cl  e  a,  nn  r  e  a  1,  un  m  a  nn  e  r  ly. 

6.  Un  time  ly,  un  en  1  igh  ie  ned,  un  profit  able,  un  - 
fore  s  ee  n,  un  tr  u  ly,  un  con  aciouaneaa,  un  open  ed, 
un  1  a  mented,  s  ection. 


70  KEY   TO    EXAMPLES.  t 

7.  Unheard,     un  happiness,    un  rest  r  a  5  n<?  d.     per- 
B  u  a.  sion,   ac  tion  able. 

8.  With  hold,  condemnation,  die  en  g  a  ge  d,  under- 
stand. 

9.  Un  ob  t  r  u  s  i  v  e,   un  s  igh  t  ly,  in  sub  o  r  d  i  n  a  • 
tion,   un  con  8  u  me  d,   temp  le. 

10.  Temper,   [temporal,]   pup  i  1  s,   pi  ough  a. 

11.  Bene  f  a  c  to  r  s,     pi  igh  t,    bl  igh  t,      bl  igh  ted, 
ble  n  ded,   bel  o  ve  d,   simp  erai,   extr  a,   circum  ference. 

12.  Magni  tude,    multi  tude,    hypo  the  n  u  s  e,    hypo  - 
c  r  i  t  e,  omni  b  u  s,  o  val,   c  ities. 


PLATE  III.— STENOGRAPHY. 

1.  Ten  able,    a  ssem  bly,    com  for  t  able,    in  comp  a  r  - 
able,  v  i  si  bly,  dis  abled,   en  abled,   s  t  ables. 

2.  In  s  tability,     a  bly,    d  aughter  s,     9  1  augh  tered, 
ac  cession,  inter  cession,  con  cession,  con  cessions,   conn  ec- 
tion,  conn  ections. 

3.  De  f  ection,  a  ff  ections,  a  ff  ection  ate,   n  ee  dl  e  e, 
su/ferance,   in  ferences,   r  e  ference,   con  fessional. 

4.  De  ficiencies,  in  e  u  fficient,  be  fore,  ful  ly,  ful  nes£, 
man  ly,  con  tin  gence,   con  t  i  n  gent. 

5.  Wil  fulness,     th  ough  t  fulness,    tel  f  graph,     ge  o- 
graphy,  geographical,  geographies,   s  ing  ing,  d  u  r  ing, 
de  ny  ing. 

6.  Fl  ings,  t  u  r  nings,  w  inged,  b  r  ings,  1  ion,  1  ions, 
amp  ly,  simp  ly,   true. 

7.  G  u  i  Ity,   r  e  a  lities,  v  a  lidity,  the  ological,  the  o- 
i   fir  m  a  meat,   fer  rnented,   1  a  mented,   ration. 

8.  II  igh  ness,     wit  nesses,    [a  ngry,     s  te  nographv , 


E!EY   TO   EXAMPLES.  71 

p  ho  nography,]    d  ock,    auibt  tioue,    saga  clone,    e  p  e  - 
clone. 

9.  Righteousness,      con  sciousness,     con  ecioue,     out, 
out  er,  die  pel,  die  polled,  pi  igb  t,  pi  igh  ted,  et  u  pidity, 
opp  reesed. 

10.  Dreeeed,  b  reost,  c  rest,  m  e  rest,  d  i  rest,  b  reoste,, 
p  ressed,   bea  rest. 

11.  Imp  rove  inent,  [in  spec  tion,    de  scrip  tion,]    my  - 
self,  thy  self,  your  self,  your  selves,  tbem  selves,  him  self, 
our  selves 

12.  W  o  r  shipp  er,     worship,    [author,     author  ize, 
author  ized,    author  ity,    neither,]     n  a  tion,    s  t  a  tione, 
in  \c  ntion,   in  te  ntion,   a  ssuinp  tion,   comp  u  1  sion. 

13.  Con  sump  tive,    rest  i  tution,    des  t  i  tution,     con  - 
t  e  ntions,  de  struc  tive,  in  struc  tive,   recon  structed,    in  - 
ward,    r  e  wards. 

PLATE  IV. — STENOGRAPHY 

1.  By,    my,    thy,    any  thing,    every,    bw  ry,    me  rry, 
fury,    try,    dry,    beau  ty,    emp  ty,    country,    countries, 
many. 

2.  De  ny,     dc  n  i  a  1,     si  ngle,     m  i  ngle  d,    angle  d, 
natnr  al,   inter  n  al,  in  te  n  d  s,  enter  ed,  in  terred. 

3.  Kn  ee,    kn  ee  1,     kn  i  t,    kn  ock,     kee  n,    dis  mal, 
ob  B  t  i  n  a  t  e,  opp  o  s  i  t  e,  t  able  s. 

4.  PI  &y,   pi  igh  t,   pi  igh  ted,  pi  o  I,  pi  ai  n,  st  a  ve  e, 
s  t  ee  pie  s,  s  t  i  pwl  ate,  pi  a  n  e  t  e. 

5.  N  a  pie  s,    t  i  pple  s,    re  p  e  a  1,    robe,     r  o  bb  «rr 
r  o  tte  n,  s  ay  s. 

6.  Con  struct,    con  structed,    rest  ore,    rest  ed,    re- 
solve, &h  o  t,  eh  a  r  e  s,  sh  e  dd  ing,  sh  o  r  e. 


72  KEY   TO   EXAMPLES. 

7.  Sh  u  n,    dull,    cull,    b  u  rr,    mul  e  s,    mul  b  e  rr  y, 
mul  e  t.ee  r,  sh  a  ve  s,  said. 

8.  P  r  a  i  eed,  struct  u  re,   stones,  sub  m  i  t,    sub 
v  e  r  s  i  v  e,  subjects,  sub  te  n  d  s,   sub  ie  rf  u  g  e. 

9.  Substance  s,    sub  o  r  n  ed,    sub  ra  i  ss  i  ve,    th  u  8, 
th  is,  th  o  se,  wh  e  n,   wh  ere. 

10.  Swelling,     super  fine,   in  vul  ne  r  able,     bra  ced. 
con  t  en  ted,  e  \e  ct,  coun  ctl,  coun  sel. 

11.  Cunning,  supernatural,  spit,  spotted,  shawl, 
w  o  m  en. 

12.  Re  s  i  gn  ed,    des  i  gn  ed,  deseen  ded,    genuine, 
gen  i  a  1,  fl  igh  t  y,  compl  i  c  a  ted. 

PLATE  V. — STENOGRAPHY. 
St.  John's  Gospel,  chap.  i..  verses  1-12. 

PLATE  VI.— PHONOGRAPHY. 

1.  Their  names  were  written  on  tablets  far  more  dur- 
able than  brass  and  marble. 

2.  Empire,  emperor,  tarry,  bearer,  basin,  cousins,  class, 
close,  closed,  dearer,  foretell  or  fertile,  suffer,  stated. 

3.  Situate,  spot,  safe,  send,  sir,  gain,  guide,  game,  jug. 
bees,  formal,  enters,  compete. 

4.  Impute,  dis  trac  ted,  dusted,   lasted,   latitude,    late, 
committed,  competed,  amputate,  amputated,  strive,  strew, 
stern,  sin  or  sine,  drug. 

5.  Lean,  object,  singled,  mingled,  minds,  lines,  passes, 
possesses,  potters,  leggo-type. 

6.  Stamps,  settle,  sell,  pinea,  pest,  misses,  Moses,  pepper 
proper,  pot,  potted,  gun,  shot. 


KEY   TO    EXAMPLES.  73 

7.  Shelter,  shell,  burned,  subdue,  subterfuge,  submis- 
sively, gained,  spend,  smell,  tried. 

8.  Stirred,  sturdy,  steady,  steed,  straight  or  strait,  com- 
press, repress,  distress,  sempstresses,  dresses,  lighted. 

9.  Superfine,   countermand,   umbrage,    embryo,    lamp- 
lighter, tempter,  fright,  free,  natural,  naturalist,  sujier- 
natural,  snail. 

10.  Set,  support,  spiral,  takes,  dissuade,  subdue,  suborn, 
submissive,  subtended,  seize,  males,  females,  dented. 

11.  Situate,   steed,  settle,  sell,  spare,  spares,   spared, 
spiritual,  spiritualist,  suiite,   summer,  demur,  demurred, 
defer,  defied. 

12.  Interred,  varied,  pride,  tarred,  cried,  dried,  short, 
mart,  smart,    smeared,  salaried,  sobered,   subdued,  com- 
prised, disease,  seedy. 

13.  Trod,  broad,  marred,  hypocrisy,  abode,  encountered, 
scoundrel,  tedious,  tread-mill,  adequate,  inadequate. 

14.  Addition,   universal,  traced,   embraced,  dust,   dis- 
tance, fountain,  fountains,  found,  fondle,  foundation,  tired. 

15.  Morning,    evening,   restitution,   station,  situation, 
destination,  determination,  illumination,  examination,  irrit- 
ation, ordination,  subjection. 

PLATE  VII.— PHONOGRAPHY. 
St.  John's  Gospel,  chap,  x.,  verses  1-10. 

PLATE  VIII.— PHONOGRAPHY. 
1  Corinthians,  chap,  xiii.,  verses  1-9. 

PLATE  IX. — PHONOGRAPH?. 

1-6.  On  the  10th  of  June,  1871,  a  bronze  statue,  which 
had  been  placed  in  Central  Park,  in  honor  of  Professor 
Moree,  the  inventor  of  the  electric  telegraph,  was  unveiled 


74  KEY  TO   EXAMPLES. 

by  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  presence  of  Morse 
himself  and  several  thousand  spectators.  The  Governor  of 
New  York  began  the  appropriate  addresses  which  were 
delivered  on  the  occasion ;  and  Morse  received  from  all 
quarters  congratulations  by  the  telegraph,  which  is  now 
the  means  of  instantaneous  communication  with  people 
throughout  the  world. 

7.  The  love  of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil.     Take  heed 
and  beware  of  covetousness. 

8.  The  unbelieving  Jews  stirred  up  the  people,  and 
made  their  minds  evil-affected  towards  the  brethren. 

9.  Northern  and  southern  hemispheres.      Do  this  in 
remembrance  of  Me. 

10.  Recommendation,  shelled,  dazzle,  empty,  ministers, 
ministry,  accent,  infant,  fountain,  finance,  inform. 

11.  Varieties,  plenty,  city,  definite,  shortest,  circulation, 
calculation,  acquit,  acquittance,  deliverance,  lame. 

12.  Almost,  free-will,  fore-knowledge,  busy,  boys,  babies, 
babes,  dressed,  transitory,  Switzerland. 


PLATE  1. 
STENOGRAPHY. 

1  '/  -7   ^  Z    t    A     4,^ 


"  X, 

4  v_     v^----    "w./, 

4 

5  L   I.  x. 

(5   ^xV     V  V 

"  \         U 
9  |  ^  L 

10  (°  /"   "5 

\         rtnT^'  -       \ 

12  C. 


PLATE  2  . 
STENOGRAPHY. 


1  , 
2. 

3. 


v  A-  "V.   ~x    /}.. 

°V\ 


5 

6.  i 

7.  Q. 


9- 

10 

11 


/7   A     A 

o/  *      tX 


V  = 


rf 


> 


" 


3 


PLATE  3  . 


\A 


6  . 

7> 

8. 


r 


X-^x 


v  = 


v-  ]  v 


v 

f 


13 


V,      X 


PLATE    4, 


v  ;?  r 


r  \  x  v 


7   .<^  -X  "C  -V 


10 


11 


PLATE  5 

i  ^  y  i  t ,  .  t  t  v 


^_     L/ 


V   o 


^ 


q  o 


V 


Q  .  o 


. 


PLATE  7. 


V 


\ 


i  v  r 


' 


xt 


"I  L 
1  L 


q  /  i  /• ,  3  .  , 


1   L_  x>    ^v  L 


^l 

:"^  V 


PLATE  X. 
1  Curiuthuiin.     Thirteenth  C 


v 


XI 


:    1 


" 


«/ 


1. 


2.    ., 


4. 


PLATE  9. 


PHONOGRAPHY. 


ix.;- 

y  •  -/^  i 


/<•  o<  VJ 


f 


v 


<^\s. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Testimonials, .       .        .  iii 

Preface, ...  viii 

Definitions, 1 

Key, 2 

STENOGRAPHY 7 

Alphabet  and  Characters, 10.11 

Terminations 12,  13 

Notes  on  the  Alphabet, ' .       .        .  14 

Punctuation  and  Numbers, 16 

Sims, 17 

Notes  on  the  Signs, 34 

Arbitraries, 37 

Rules  for  Writing  Stenography,       .........  38 

Position 30 

Prefixes 43 

Characters  Shortened  and  Blended, 44 

Notes  on  the  Terminations, 45 

Termination  TION, 50 

Miscellaneous  Kemarks, 52 

Reading, 53 

Writing  from  Dictation 53 

PHONOGRAPHY, 55 

Rules  for  Writing  Phonography 58 

Insertion  of  Disconnected  Vowels, 63 

How  to  Read  Reporting  Hand, 64 

Phrase  Writing C5 

Concluding  Remarks, 66 

Key  to  Exercises, 69 

Exerci-es, 75 


SCOVlL's 


44   Union  Square,   .V.  1' 


«//  Teacher"  t.v  not  necessary  for  the  acquirement 
of  this  method  of  Short-  Hand.  Hut  as  the  a.wr  st- 
ance of  a  guide  is  of  vast  benefit  to  the  tourist 
in  his  travels,  so  an  instructor,  in  this  branch  of 
education ,  will  lead  t/te  student  t  o  a  practical 
application  of  the  art  in  a  much  briefer  period 
than  if  he  attempt  it  alone.  The  Editor  is  there- 
fore prepared  to  receive  young  Gentlemen  (it  ///,v 
residence;  or  give  private  lesson*  to  gentlemen 
and  ladies  at  their  own  homes.  Lessons  will  also 
he  given  BY  LETTER,  to  tli-ose  who  desire  such 
instruction,  and  cannot  find  it  convenient  to 
attend  c/ asses.  A  course  of  .twenty-fire  lessons 
will  render  the  student  thoroughly  conversant 
with  the  whole  system,  and  ena-hJe  Jiint  to  write 
witJiout  difficulty. 


OF        NSTRUCTION 


5  Lessons, 
15 
25 


$5.OO 
IO.OO 
2O.OO 


W.  E.   SCOVIL,   A.M., 


Editcr. 


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